Production and Transport of Oil and Gas: Second completely revised edition: Gathering and Transportation

347 Pages·1986·5.321 MB·2-352\347

by  A.P. Szilas (Eds.)

DF.VEL,OPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE
Advisory Editor: G. V. Chilingarian
1. i\ GENE COLLINS
GFOCHEMISTRY OF OILFIELD WATERS
2 W. H. FERTL
ABNORMAL FORMATION OF PRESSURES
3 A P. SZILAS
PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF OIL AND GAS
4 C E. B. CONYBEARE
GEOMORPHOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS
IN SANDSTONE BODIES
5 T I.-. YEN and G. V. CHILINGARIAN (Editors)
011- SHALE
6 D. W. PEACEMAN
FLINDAMENTALS OF NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION
7 G. V. CHlLlNGARlAN and T. F. YEN (Editors)
BITLMENS. ASPHALTS AND TAR SANDS
8 L 1'. DAKE
F1:WDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
9 K MAGARA
COVPACTION AND FLUID MIGRATION
10 M T. SlLVlA and E. A. ROBINSON
DECONVOLUTION OF GEOPHYSICAL TIME SERIES IN THE
EXPLORATION FOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS
I I V. <'HILlNGI\RIAN and P. VORABIJTR
<I.
DRILLING AND DRILLING FLUIDS
12 T VAN GOLF-RACHT
FRACTURED HYDROCARBON-RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
I3 I JOHN FAYERS (Editor)
ENtLANCED OIL RECOVERY
14 C;. MOZES (Editor)
PAR A FFI N PRODUCTS
15 0. SERRA
FVNDAMENTALS OF WELL-LOG INTERPRETATION
I. Thf: acquisition of logging data
16 R E. CHAPMAN
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
17 1.. C. DONALDSON. G. V. CHILINGARIAN and T. F. YEN
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
I. F undamentals and Analyses
18 A. P. SZILAS
PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF OIL AND GAS
Second completely revised edition
A. I.'low mechanics and production
9. Gathering and transportation
Developments in Petroleum Science, 18 B
PRODUCTION
AND TRANSPORT OF OIL
AND GAS
Second completely revised edition
PART B
Gathering and transportation
by
A. P. SZILAS
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo 1986
Joint edition published by
Elsevier Science Puhlishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and
Ak;tdkniai Kiado, the Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary
Fir\t English edition 1975
Translated by B Balkay
Second revised and enlarged edition 1985 and I986
Translated by B. Balkay and A. Kiss
Thc distribution of this book is being handled by the following
puhlishers
for the CJ.S.A. and Canada
Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.
52 Vanderbilt Avenue,
New York, New York 10017, USA.
for the East European Countries, Korean People’s Republic, Cuba, People’s Republic of
Vietnam and Mongolia
Kultura Hungarian Foreign Trading Co., P.0.Box 149, H-1389 Budapest, Hungary
for .ill remaining areas
Elsevier Science Publishers
Sara Hurgerhartstraat 25,
P.0 Box 21 I, lo00 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging Data
S;ril;ts. A. Pd.
Production and transport of oil and gas
(Ikvelopments in petroleum science; IX B-)
Tr;inslation of Kiiolaj is fiildgiztermelis.
I I’etroleum engineering. 2. Petroleum-Pipe lines
3. <;as, Natural -Pipe lines. I. Title. 11. Series.
TNX70.S9413 I984 622’.338 84-13527
ISBN 0-444-99565-X (V. 2)
ISBN 0-44499564- I (Series)
( Akddemidi Kiddo, Buddpest 1986
Printed in Hungdry
List of symbols and units for frequently used
physical quantities
temperature distribution or diffusivity
factor m2/s
specific heat
per unit mass JAkg Ki
per mole mass J/(kmole K)
L' compressibility mZ/N
d diameter m
r figure of merit of pipe ._
.I/ acceleration of gravity m2;s
h head loss of flow m
h height, elevation difference m
h specific enthalpy J/kg
k equivalent absolute roughness m
k specific cost of transportation Ft/(kg km)
k heat transfer factor per unit length
of pipe
heat transfer factor per unit surface
reflectivity factor
transmissivity factor
length, distance from the origin m
number of moles of system
exponent of exponential law
pressure
pseudoreduced pressure
reduced pressure -
volumetric flow rate m 3/s
mass flow rate kgls
radius m
wall thickness of pipe m
mixed slug length m
valve travel m
time, duration, period S
10 I IS7 Ot SYMHOI S
flow velocity
0
1) specific construction cost
M' acoustic propagation velocity
xi mole fraction of ith component of liquid
mole fraction of ith component of gas
Yl
z compressibility factor
geodetic head m
Z
zi mole fraction of ith component of liquid-gas
mixture
A cross-sectional area m2
A depreciation cost Forint/year
D rate of shear 1 /s
E modulus of elasticity N/m2
ii' force, weight N
H head capacity of pump m
K cost Forint/yea r
equilibrium ratio of ith component
Kl
in liquid-gas system
L length ni
M torque N m
M molar mass k g/ k m olc
N dimensionless number -
P power W
Q heat J
R universal molar gas constant J/(kmole K)
R volumetric ratio
S sign (flow direction indicator)
S mass fraction
T temperature
pseudoreduced temperature
reduced temperature -
V volume m3
V specific volume
W work, energy
w
specific energy content J/N
a flow constant
a1 internal convection factor
a2 external heat-transfer factor
temperature coefficient of oil density
aT
pressure coefficient of oil density
UP
c volumetric rate
Y specific weight
I IST Of. SYMROI S
efficiency
ratio of specific heats
melting heat of paraffin
pipe friction factor
thermal conductivity factor
dynamic viscosity
kinematic viscosity
flow resistance factor (dimensionless
pressure gradient) -
density
k/m3
stress N/mZ
yield strength (of solid) N/m2
tensile strength N/mz
shear stress N/m
heat flow W
specific heat flow
W/m
FREQUENTLY lJSED SUBSCRIPTS
Subscript Meaning Example
a1 allowable allowable strength
c clay clay fraction of soil kg/kg
c critical critical pressure
ch choke diameter of choke
e effective effective flow rate
f pipe axis temperature in pipe axis
f fluid fluid flow rate
f friction friction pressure loss
f t friction-laminar friction prcssure loss at laminar flow
fr friction-turbulen t friction pressure loss at turbulent flow
Y gas molar mass of gas
1 inner inner pipe diameter
in insulation insulation temperature
in inflow pressure raise at inflow
m mass mass flow rate of gas
mol molar molar volume
max maximum maximum pressure
min minimum minimum pressure
n normal, standard standard tempera t ure
0 outer outer diameter, OD
0 oil density of oil
opt optimum optimum pipe diameter
12 LIST Ok SYMBOLS
P period time length of a period
P pressure dynamic viscosity at p pressure
r relative relative density
re reflected reflected pressure raise
S soil thermal conductivity of soil
sd dry soil thermal conductivity of dry soil
SW wet soil thermal conductivity of wet soil
St steel specific heat of steel
tr throughflow pressure raise at throughflow
w water dynamic viscosity of water
Fo Fourier Fourier number
Gr Grashof Grashof number
L liquid mole fraction in liquid phase
Nu Nussel t Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl Prandtl number
Re Reynolds Reynolds number
V vapor, volatile mole fraction in vapor (gas) phase
A difference pressure difference
mean, average average pressure
Remurks:
a) list above does not contain
rarely used symbols. they are explained in the text.
-
indices signed by letters or figures if they denote serial number.
~~
symbols of constants.
-
b) Indices are sometimes omitted for the sake of simplification if the denotation
remains unambiguous.
CHAPTER 6
GATHERING AND SEPARATION
OF OIL AND GAS
6.1. Line pipes
6.1.1. Steel pipes
Steel pipes used in transporting oil and gas are either hotrolled seamless pipes or
spiral or axially welded pipes, respectively. Pipes manufactured according to API
Standards are used mostly by the oil- and gas-industry all over the world. On the
basis of API Spec. 5L-1978 Tuhlc 6.1 - l gives the main characteristics of thc plain-
end pipes of 1/8"- 1 1/2" nominal diameters. The main parameters of the pipes
exceeding these sizes arc given in Tuhle 6.1-2. The table was constructed on the
basis of API Spec. 5L- 1978, 5LX- 1978. 5LS- 1978, and 5LU- 1972. For each
OD of the pipes the following data are given: the smallest and largest mass per length
of the pipes (Column 3); the wall thickness (Column 4): the corresponding smallest
and largest IDS (Column 5); and, besides, Table 6.1 -2 shows that how many kinds
of pipes of standard sizes manufactured according to the above specifications are
available within the range of the given size limits (Columns 6-9). The tolerance of
the OD depends both on the pipe-size and its mode of fabrication. The maximum
admissible tolerance is 1 percent. The tolerance of the wall-thickness varies also
depending on the pipe-size mode of fabrication. The maximum admissible
tolerances range between +20 and - 12.5 percents. Pipe ends are bevelled to
facilitate butt welding. Unless there is an agreement to the contrary the bevel angle is
+
30" (tolerance 5" -Oo) as measured from a plane perpendicular to the pipe axis.
The height of the unbevelled pipeface, perpendicular to the axis should be 1.59 mm
with a tolerance of kO.79 mm.
Some characteristic data of these pipe materials and their strength are listed in
Table 6.1 -3. Threaded-end pipes for joining with couplings of 20 in (508.0 mm) or
smaller nominal sizes are also made. These pipes are made however exclusively of
steels of A - 25, A and B grades.
During the past two decades experts did their best to produce weldable steels of
the highest possible strength for the oil- and gas-industry. Figure 6.1 - 1 shows, after
Forst and Schuster (1975), in a simplified form, that how the strength of the new
standard pipe-materials increased in the course of the years. On the left side of the
ordinate axis the standard grade can be seen while on its right the yield strength can
be read in MPa units. The quality improvement during Period I is mainly due to the
application of the micro-alloys, in Period 11 it was facilitated by a new type of
thermo-mechanical treatment of the pipe steel, while in the third phase it was made
14 6 GATHERIN<; AND SEPARATION OF OIL AND GAS
Table 6. I - I. Main parameters of API plain-end steel pipe line with OD
from 10.3 -48.3 rnm (after API Spec. 51. - 1978)
I Test pressure for grade
Nominal Wall ID
SILC, thickness (1,.
in. \. mm mm
bars
I
2 1 3 4 5
1.73 68 48 4x 48
2.41 5.5 SO 59 59
2.24 9.2 48 48 48
3.02 7.7 59 59 59
2.3 1 12.5 48 48 48
3.20 10.7 59 59 59
2.77 15.8 48 48 4x
3.73 13.8 59 59 59
7.47 6.4 69 6') 69
I
74 I 2.87 21.0 48 4x 48
3.9 I I 8.9 59 59 5Y
26.7 3.63 7.X2 11.1 69 6Y 69
.7 .7 .4 2.50 3.38 26-6 48 48 48
.7 .7 .4 3.23 4-55 24-3 59 59 59
33.4 5.45 9.09 15.2 69 69 69
42.2 3-38 3.56 35. I X3 90 69
42-2 4.47 4.x5 32.5 I24 131 90
42.2 7.76 9.70 22-8 I52 I58 96
4P.3 4.05 3.68 40.9 83 90 69
48.3 5.4 I 5.08 38-1 I24 131 90
48-3 9.55 10.16 28.0 I52 I 5x 96
possible by the subsequent treatment of the pipe-steel before and after manufactur-
ing the pipe. The increase in quality is of great economic importance. A pipeline of
the same ID that can be operated on the same allowable working pressure is cheaper
if it is constructed of pipes with smaller wall-thickness that are made of higher-
strength steel. During a given period, for instance, while the unit-weight price of the
pipe-steel, available in Hungary, ranged between 1 - 1.2, the relative value of the
yield strength of these steels varied between 1 - 1.9. Since, according to Eq. 6.1 - 3,
the allowable working pressure is directly proportional both to the wall-thickness
(and that is why on the basis of G =dnsp to the mass per length) and to the yield
strength, the application of a better quality pipe-material IS obviously more
economical.
The specific transportation costs of both oil and gas decrease if the throughput to
be transported is greater and the fluid or gas at the given throughput is carried
through optimum size pipeline of comparatively great diameter. Application of
h I ILINL PIPI S I5
Table 6.1 - 2. Main parameters of API steel Iinc pipes iihovc 01) 60-3 niiii
(after API Spec. 5L-1978. 5LX-1978. 51,s-1978 and 51.1:-1972)
w211
____ mass. G hickncss. ,s
in. rnm kg/m mm nini 51 51.X 51,5 51.11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 9
~ -.-. .- _.
2 318 60 3 3.02 2.1 1 S6. I I1 II
13-45 1 I .07 38.2
2 7,’x 73.0 3.68 2 II 68.8 I2 I?
20.39 14.02 45.0
3 112 8x9 4.5 I 2.1 I x4.7 12 12
27.67 15.24 5x-4
4 101.6 5.17 2.1 1 97.4 12 II
I 8.62 8.08 xs.4
4 112 114.3 5.84 2.1 I I 10. I 17 16 17
4 1.02 17.12 80-1
5 9/16 141.3 7.24 2.1 I I 37. I 13 II
57.42 19-05 105-2
6 518 168.3 X.64 2.1 I 164. I 20 I 0 I Y 19
79. I 8 2 I .95 124.4
8 518 219.1 16.9 I 3.18 212.7 I 6 16 16 I 0
107.87 22.22 114-7
10 3/4 273.0 26.29 396 265. I 14 14 15 14
128.37 20.62 23 1.8
12 314 323.8 34.42 4.37 315.1 17 19 19 19
165.29 22.22 279.4
14 355.6 4 I .30 4.78 346.0 I6 19 20 19
194.90 23.x3 307.9
16 406.4 47.29 4.78 396.8 20 22 22 22
266.20 28.58 349.2
I8 457-2 53.26 4.78 447.6 21 23 23 23
333.07 31.75 393.7
20 508.0 68.92 5.56 496.9 22 24 24 24
407.39 34.92 438.2
22 558.8 75.88 5.56 547.7 24 26 26 26
4x9. I7 38. I0 482.6
24 609.6 94.45 6.35 596.9 24 26 26 26
557.53 39.67 530.3
26 660.4 102.40 6.35 647.7 15 17 17 17
397.70 25.40 609.6
28 711.2 110.36 6.35 698.5 14 17 17 17
429.5 I 25.40 660.4
30 762.0 118.31 6.35 749.3 18 21 21 17
57 168 31.75 698.5
32 812.8 126.26 6.35 800.1 IX 21 21 17
61 1.45 3 1.75 749.3