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TURUNYLIOPISTONJULKAISUJA ANNALESUNIVERSITATISTURKUENSIS SARJA–SER.B OSA–TOM.364 HUMANIORA PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF ETRURIAN TERRA SIGILLATA POTTERY IN ROMAN ETRURIA AND BEYOND BETWEEN C. 50 BCE AND C. 150 CE Harri Kiiskinen TURUN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Turku 2013 UniversityofTurku FacultyofHumanities,SchoolofHistory,CultureandArtsStudies CulturalHistory FIN-20014Turku Finland Supervisedby ProfessorHannuSalmi DepartmentofCulturalHistory UniversityofTurku,Finland and Dr.RiittaLaitinen DepartmentofCulturalHistory UniversityofTurku,Finland Reviewedby ProfessorBirtePoulsen,UniversityofAarhus Dr.WillemM.Jongman,UniversityofGroningen Opponent ProfessorBirtePoulsen Custos ProfessorHannuSalmi ©HarriKiiskinen,2013 ISBN978-951-29-5399-8(PRINT) ISBN978-951-29-5400-1(PDF) ISSN0082-6987 Painosalama–Turku,Finland2013 Contents Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ResearchFocus–Sourcesandmethods–Tradition 1 Theanalysisofterrasigillatadistributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 What is terra sigillata? – Development of Terra sigillata production – Geographical distributionofterrasigillatadata–Productionsites–StampsandPotters–Etruria 2 ThesocialcontextofEtrurianterrasigillataproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Producersof terrasigillataandtheirsocio-economicsituation–Localtraditionsinpottery production–Potteryproductionasasurvivalstrategy? 3 Routesoftradeandtransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Transportandcost–Overthehillsandfaraway–Aroadcangowhereriversdon’tflow norshipssail–Firstthecart,thentheboat 4 Marketmechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Institutions–Itineranttrading–Complexityofpractices,or,analysingthestampscom- positions 5 Marketzonesandpatternsofconsumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Demandandconsumption–Townterritoriesaseconomicunits?–Marketingpatternsin towns 6 TradersintheEmpire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Whole-saletrade–Potterytrade–Terrasigillatatrade–ToConclude 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Tracingthepot–RomanEconomyandterrasigillatatrade–Postscript:Furtherwork A Overallsummaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 B Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 C Clusteringtrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 D Groupsresultingfromclustering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 E DistributionmapsofselectedpottersinEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 3 List of Figures 1.1 Documentofterrasigillatastamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.2 Overallviewofterrasigillataitalica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.3 Knownproductionsitesofterrasigillata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.4 Astamponaterrasigillatamould.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.5 Stamps,sitesandfinds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.6 CentralItaly.Contourlinesingray.Coastlineandmajorriversinblack. . . . . . 44 3.1 AccumulatedtravelcostfromPisa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.2 AccumulatedtravelcostfromArretium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.3 Accumulatedtravelcost–combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.4 Agraphicsummaryofthetransportcosts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.5 ReconstructedrivernetworkofEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.6 Combinedtravelcostmap,withroadsandwaterways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.7 Averagetransportcostforeachpotter,usingroadsandwaterways . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.1 ThePrincipalComponentsfortheperiod40to30BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.2 ThePrincipalComponentsfortheperiod30to20BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.3 ThePrincipalComponentsfortheperiod50to60CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4 Varianceovertime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5 AmountandvarianceofterrasigillatainEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 A.1 Amountsofdataintheprovinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 A.2 Amountsofdatainthestudyareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 C.1 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per-40’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 C.2 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per-30’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 C.3 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per-20’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 C.4 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per-10’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 C.5 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per0’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 C.6 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per10’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 C.7 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per20’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 C.8 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per30’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 C.9 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per40’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 C.10 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per50’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 C.11 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per60’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 C.12 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per70’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 C.13 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per80’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 C.14 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per90’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 C.15 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per100’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 C.16 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per110’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 C.17 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per120’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 C.18 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per130’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 C.19 Clusteringtreeoftownsforperiod‘per140’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 D.1 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per-40" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5 ListofFigures D.2 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per-30" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 D.3 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per-20" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 D.4 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per-10" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 D.5 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per0" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 D.6 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per10" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 D.7 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per20" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 D.8 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per30" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 D.9 Groupingoftownsforperiod"per40" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 D.10Groupingoftownsforperiod"per50" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 D.11Groupingoftownsforperiod"per60" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 D.12Groupingoftownsforperiod"per70" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 D.13Groupingoftownsforperiod"per80" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 D.14Groupingoftownsforperiod"per90" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 D.15Groupingoftownsforperiod"per100" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 D.16Groupingoftownsforperiod"per110" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 D.17Groupingoftownsforperiod"per120" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 D.18Groupingoftownsforperiod"per130" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 D.19Groupingoftownsforperiod"per140" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 E.1 Thedistributionmapforpotter1212inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 E.2 Thedistributionmapforpotter1213inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 E.3 Thedistributionmapforpotter1342inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 E.4 Thedistributionmapforpotter1390inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 E.5 Thedistributionmapforpotter1391inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 E.6 Thedistributionmapforpotter1404inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 E.7 Thedistributionmapforpotter1623inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 E.8 Thedistributionmapforpotter1690inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 E.9 Thedistributionmapforpotter183inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 E.10 Thedistributionmapforpotter2109inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 E.11 Thedistributionmapforpotter2373inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 E.12 Thedistributionmapforpotter2441inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 E.13 Thedistributionmapforpotter2585inEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 E.14 Thedistributionmapforpotter267inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 E.15 Thedistributionmapforpotter268inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 E.16 Thedistributionmapforpotter270inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 E.17 Thedistributionmapforpotter275inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 E.18 Thedistributionmapforpotter278inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 E.19 Thedistributionmapforpotter371inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 E.20 Thedistributionmapforpotter514inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 E.21 Thedistributionmapforpotter589inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 E.22 Thedistributionmapforpotter592inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 E.23 Thedistributionmapforpotter623inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 E.24 Thedistributionmapforpotter624inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 E.25 Thedistributionmapforpotter879inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 E.26 Thedistributionmapforpotter933inEtruria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6 List of Tables 1.1 Phasesofterrasigillataproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2 Regionalamountsofterrasigillata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.3 ProductionperiodsfortheOCK2stamps242,243,244.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.4 Listofpottersselectedfordeeperanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.5 DistributionpatternsinEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1 Summaryofthetransportcostsforthemainpotters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.2 Relativecostsoftransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.3 CatchmentareasofnavigabletributariesofTiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.4 Summaryofaveragecostsforpotters,usingroadsandwaterways . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.1 FindspotsinEtruria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.2 Varianceexplainedbythefirstandsecondprincipalcomponent . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.1 Groupingsoffindspotsaccordingtotheirfindcomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.1 Groupingsoffindspotsaccordingtotheirfindcomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.1 terrasigillataImportstoRome.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.2 ItalianterrasigillataatVelsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 B.1 AlistofallthepottersknowntobeactiveatArretiumstartingfrom40BCE, withtheamountoffindsbearingthestamp.FromOCK2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 B.1 AlistofallthepottersknowntobeactiveatArretiumstartingfrom40BCE, withtheamountoffindsbearingthestamp.FromOCK2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria152 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria153 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria154 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria155 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria156 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria157 B.2 AsummaryofthefindpositionsoftheselectedpotterswithintheRomanEtruria158 B.3 Asummaryofallthestampsusedinthestudy. ThePotterswith20ormore exemplarsinEtruria.OCK2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 B.3 Asummaryofallthestampsusedinthestudy. ThePotterswith20ormore exemplarsinEtruria.OCK2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7 Acknowledgements Inadditiontothepersonalcommittmentoftheauthor,thisworkwasenabledbythreethings: funding,environmentandpeople. HannuSalmiandRiittaLaitinenwerethesupervisorsofthisthesis. Bothwerealwaysvery accessible,supportingandgenerouswiththeirtimeandneverlosttheirfaithinthecompletion ofthiswork. TheyepitomizesowelltheatmosphereattheDepartmentofCulturalHistory attheUniversityofTurkuthatwasthemainsiteofresearchforthelastyearsofthisthesis:an inspiringenvironmentwithanopenandcuriousmind-set,alwaysreadytoembracenewthemes andmethods.Themanysessionsofthedepartmentalresearchseminarwerecomplementedwith thesessionsoftheresearchgrouponspaceandmaterialculture,ledbyRiittaLaitinen,thatwas instrumentalintheearlystagesofthisresearch,andtheresearchgroupsledbyMarjoKaartinen, focusingonpre-modernstudies. During the academic year 2007–2008 I had the pleasure of working at the Department of HistoryoftheUniversityofGroningenintheNetherlands,whereWillemM.Jongmanand his research group provided me with an inspiring environment. The funding for this year wasgenerouslyprovidedbytheEuropeanDoctorateintheSocialHistoryofEuropeandthe Mediterranean‘BuildingonthePast’MarieCurieEarlyStageResearcherprogramme.Thanks andhitoGeertjeandMelissa,too! AlargepartofthisworkwasdevisedduringmyyearsinFlorence,forwhichtheBiblioteca NazionaleCentralediFirenzeandthelibraryoftheEuropeanUniversityInstitutewerecentral. EspeciallythelatterIowemygratitudeforallowingmetousetheirfacilities.Abigthanksalso toMichael,Gerben,Henning,andothersfromthewondefullyinspiringEUIcommunity. Twoothercontextsthatwerenotdirectlyinvolvedinthisworkbutwereimportantforthe wholeprocessofgettingherearetheInstitutumRomanumFinlandiae,whichisawonderful placealtogether,andtheNordicExcavationsatloc.SantaMaria,Nemi,andespeciallyitsdirector, PiaGuldagerBilde,whosadlydidnotlivetoseethisstudycompleted. FundingfortheprojectwasgenerouslyprovidedbytheFinnishCulturalFoundation,the TurkuUniversityFoundation,andtheFoundationInstitutumRomanumFinlandiae,andalsoby theFinnishresearchschoolonhistoricalscience. Verypersonalthanksareduetosomefriends:PetteriLiesivuoriforbeingatruefriend,Tom LinkinenforsharingthefrustrationandEeva-MariaViitanenforteachingmeathingortwo aboutarchaeologyandcooking.Andthefinalthanksgotomywifeanddughterssinequibusnon. 9

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distribution of terra sigillata data – Production sites – Stamps and Potters – discussions might have been limited to few Aristotelian texts13, but
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