Producing Workers Ctftlcal Histories David Ludden. Series Editor A complete list of books in the series Is available from the publisher. Producing Workers The Politics of Gender, Class, and Culture in the Calcutta Jute Mills Leela Fernandes ~ PENN University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia f/ /) !037 ·- J}_ •l ' IS- Copyright C 1997 Univ.,nity of Pennsylvania Press Ff 7 AU rigbu reserved Printed in th" United States of America on acid-free paper /·717 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Published by Univenity of Pennsylvania Pr-... Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6-097 Library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data Fernandes, Leela. Producing worken : the politics of gender, class, and culture in the Calcutta jute mill! / Leela Fernandes. p. cm. - (Critical histories) Based on the author's Ph.D. thesis, Univenity of Chicago. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8122-3372·7 (cloth : alk. paper). - ISBN 0-8122-1597·4 (paper : alk. paper) I.Jute indu.stryworken-lndia-Calcutta. 2. Womcn-Employment lndia-Calcutta. S. Discrimination in employment-India- Calcutta. I. Title. II. Series. HD80S9J82148S5 1997 S31.2'047713'0954147-dc21 96-6524 CIP ~/(~) '?ov7~')/ {{j}/./ 1~23.q7 For Enrica and Herman Fernandes - · DespiJe our tksperate, eternal aumapt to separate, contain and mend, caUgories always lealc. - Trinh T. Minh.ha The superstructures of civil society are like the trench systems of modern warfare. -Antonio Gramsci I thinlt: my problem and "our" problem is how to have simultantOUSly an account of radical historical contingency for all f11ww/.edge claims and fl1wwing subjects, a critical practice for recognizing our own "semiotic technologies" for malting meaning and a m>-nonsense commitment to faithful acwunts of a "real" world, of one that can be partially shared and friendly to earth·wide projects finite fr~ dom, adequate material abundance, mcdest meaning in suffering and limited happiness. -Donna Haraway