Process-Structure-Properties in Polymer Additive Manufacturing II

180 Pages·2022·15.61 MB·English

by  Sing S.L., Yeong W.Y. (ed.)

Process–Structure–
Properties in
Polymer Additive
Manufacturing II
Edited by
Swee Leong Sing and Wai Yee Yeong
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Polymers
www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers
Process–Structure–Properties in
Polymer Additive Manufacturing II
Process–Structure–Properties in
Polymer Additive Manufacturing II
Editors
Swee Leong Sing
Wai Yee Yeong
(cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13) (cid:13)
MDPI Basel Beijing Wuhan Barcelona Belgrade Manchester Tokyo Cluj Tianjin
Editors
SweeLeongSing WaiYeeYeong
DepartmentofMechanical SingaporeCentrefor3D
Engineering Printing,Schoolof
NationalUniversityof MechanicalandAerospace
Singapore Engineering
Singapore NanyangTechnological
Singapore University
Singapore
Singapore
EditorialOffice
MDPI
St. Alban-Anlage66
4052Basel,Switzerland
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structure polym additive manufacturing II).
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Contents
AbouttheEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
SweeLeongSingandWaiYeeYeong
Recent Progress in Research of Additive Manufacturing
forPolymers
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2022,14,2267,doi:10.3390/polym14112267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OrhanGu¨lcan,KadirGu¨naydınandAykutTamer
TheStateoftheArtofMaterialJetting—ACriticalReview
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,2829,doi:10.3390/polym13162829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
BalakrishnanNagarajan, YingnanWang, MaryamTaheri, SimonTrudel, StevenBryantand
AhmedJawadQureshietal.
DevelopmentandCharacterizationofFieldStructuredMagneticComposites
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,2843,doi:10.3390/polym13172843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ChanglangWu,TruongThoDoandPhuongTran
Mechanical Properties of PolyJet 3D-Printed Composites Inspired by Space-Filling Peano
Curves
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,3516,doi:10.3390/polym13203516 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RazvanUdroiu
New Methodology for Evaluating Surface Quality of Experimental Aerodynamic Models
ManufacturedbyPolymerJettingAdditiveManufacturing
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2022,14,371,doi:10.3390/polym14030371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
AsmakAbdulSamat,ZuratulAinAbdulHamid,MariattiJaafarandBadrulHishamYahaya
Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Evaluation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polylactic
AcidBlendforFabricationof3DFilamentsforTrachealTissueEngineering
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,3087,doi:10.3390/polym13183087 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
ZihuiZhang,FengtaiHe,BoWang,YipingZhao,ZhiyongWeiandHaoZhangetal.
BiodegradablePGA/PBATBlendsfor3DPrinting:MaterialPerformanceandPeriodicMinimal
SurfaceStructures
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,3757,doi:10.3390/polym13213757 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Dorin-IoanCatana,Mihai-AlinPopandDenisa-IuliaBrus
ComparisonbetweenTestsandSimulationsRegardingBendingResistanceof3DPrintedPLA
Structures
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,4371,doi:10.3390/polym13244371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
FengzeJiangandDietmarDrummer
Analysis of UV Curing Strategy on Reaction Heat Control and Part Accuracy for Additive
Manufacturing
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2022,14,759,doi:10.3390/polym14040759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Yanis Abdelhamid Gueche, Noelia M. Sanchez-Ballester, Bernard Bataille, Adrien Aubert,
Jean-ChristopheRossiandIanSoulairol
InvestigatingthePotentialPlasticizingEffectofDi-CarboxylicAcidsfortheManufacturingof
SolidOralFormswithCopovidoneandIbuprofenbySelectiveLaserSintering
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2021,13,3282,doi:10.3390/polym13193282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
v
SamuelSchlicht,SandraGreinerandDietmarDrummer
Low Temperature Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers by Means of Fractal Quasi-Simultaneous
ExposureStrategies
Reprintedfrom: Polymers2022,14,1428,doi:10.3390/polym14071428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
vi
About the Editors
SweeLeongSing
Swee Leong Sing is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,
NationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS).PriortojoiningNUSinAugust2021,hewasaPresidential
Postdoctoral Fellow at the Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP) and School of Mechanical
andAerospaceEngineering(MAE),NanyangTechnologicalUniversity(NTU),Singaporeafterbeing
awardedtheprestigiousfellowshipin2020.
Swee Leong has been active in the 3D printing field for more than 8 years. He obtained
his BEng (Hons) in Aerospace Engineering and PhD in Mechanical Engineering with a topic in
additivemanufacturing(AM)in2012and2016,respectively. SweeLeong’sresearchfocusesonusing
advanced manufacturing techniques as enablers for materials development and to create strategic
values for the industries. He is also active in inter-disciplinary research and translational work.
His research has been awarded the Best PhD Thesis Award by MAE, NTU, Singapore, as well
as the Springer Theses Award from Springer Nature, Germany in 2017. Swee Leong has worked
on numerous 3D printing projects with government agencies, universities, research institutes and
industrial collaborators. Swee Leong has filed five patents pertaining to 3D printing processes and
materials. He has published 1 book, 4 book chapters and more than 50 peer reviewed journal and
conferencearticles. SweeLeongcurrentlyhasanh-indexof30withmorethan4500citations(Webof
Science,31May2022).
WaiYeeYeong
Associate Professor Wai Yee Yeong is the winner of the TCT Women in 3D Printing Innovator
Award 2019 and named as one of the Singapore 100 Women in Tech List 2021. Her work is
well-recognized, with an H-index of 56 and more than 12,000 citations on Google Scholar. She
has filed multiple patents and knowhows, with a key interest in Bioprinting and the 3D printing
ofnewmaterials. Onacademicfronts,sheistheAssociateEditorfor2internationaljournalsandhas
authored3textbookson3Dprinting. ProfYeongservesasProgramDirectorintheSingaporeCentre
for 3D Printing and HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corp Lab. Prof Yeong was awarded the NRF
Investigatorship(Classof2022)inherpursuitforgroundbreakingandhigh-riskresearch.
vii
polymers
Editorial
Recent Progress in Research of Additive Manufacturing
for Polymers
SweeLeongSing1,* andWaiYeeYeong2
1 DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore117575,Singapore
2 SingaporeCentrefor3DPrinting,SchoolofMechanical&AerospaceEngineering,
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore639798,Singapore;[email protected]
* Correspondence:[email protected]@nus.edu.sg
Additivemanufacturing(AM)methodshavegrownandevolvedrapidlyinrecent
years. AMforpolymersisparticularlyexcitingandhasgreatpotentialintransformative
andtranslationalresearchinmanyfields,suchasbiomedical[1–3],aerospace[4,5],and
electronics[6,7]. CurrentmethodsforpolymerAMincludematerialextrusion,material
jetting,vatphotopolymerization,andpowderbedfusion. Asthesetechniquesmatured
anddeveloped,morefunctionalitieshavebeenaddedtoAMparts. Suchfunctionalities
includemulti-materialfabrication[8–10]andintegrationwithartificialintelligence[11].
These have resulted in polymer AM to evolve from a rapid prototyping tool to actual
manufacturingsolution.
Inthisspecialissue,state-of-theartresearchandreviewarticlesarecollected.Theyfocus
ontheprocess–structure–propertiesrelationshipsinpolymerAM.Intotal,onereviewand
nineoriginalresearcharticlesareincluded. Gülcanetal. providedacomprehensivereview
onthematerialjettingtechniqueforpolymerAMbyanalyzingtheeffectofthecritical
processparametersandprovidingbenchmarkingwithothermanufacturingprocesses[12].
Intheirresearch,Nagarajanetal. investigatedtheuseofpolymercompositesthatcontain
ferromagneticfillersforapplicationsinelectronicandelectricaldevices. Thesecomposites
Citation:Sing,S.L.;Yeong,W.Y.
were processed using material jetting and alignment of the fillers was achieved using
RecentProgressinResearchof
magnetic field [13]. Wu et al. also used material jetting to produce novel composite
AdditiveManufacturingfor
materialsthataremulti-material[14]. Udroiustudiedtheuseofmaterialjettingproduced
Polymers.Polymers2022,14,2267.
surfacesforaerodynamicmodels[15]. Samatetal. evaluatedthemechanicalandinvitro
https://doi.org/10.3390/
properties of material extruded thermoplastic polyurethane and polylactic acid blend
polym14112267
fortrachealtissueengineering[16]. Zhangetal. alsousedmaterialextrusionofblends
Received:12May2022 for their experiments. They studied biodegradable polyesters and adjusted the blend
Accepted:30May2022
compositionstotailorthemechanicalperformance[17]. Catanaetal. studiedthebending
Published:2June2022
resistance of polylactic acids and compared them to the simulations. They found that
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutral theAMpartsdeviatedfromsimulationsduetofluctuationsinprocessparameters[18].
withregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin JiangandDrummerstudiedtheeffectofcuringstrategyonthepartaccuracyproduced
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffil- by vat photopolymerization [19]. Gueche et al. investigated the feasibility of using di-
iations. carboxylicacidstoproducesolidoralformswithcopovidoneandibuprofenusingpowder
bed fusion [20]. Finally, Schlicht et al. developed new scanning strategies using quasi-
simultaneousexposureoffractalscanpathsforpowderbedfusionofpolymersthatcan
reducetheenergyconsumptionoftheprocess[21].
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Acknowledgments:ThisresearchissupportedbytheNationalResearchFoundation,PrimeMinis-
This article is an open access article
ter’sOffice,SingaporeunderitsMedium-SizedCentrefundingscheme.
distributed under the terms and
conditionsoftheCreativeCommons ConflictsofInterest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictofinterest.
Attribution(CCBY)license(https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1
Polymers2022,14,2267
References
1. Luis,E.;Pan,H.M.;Bastola,A.K.;Bajpai,R.;Sing,S.L.;Song,J.;Yeong,W.Y.3DPrintedSiliconeMeniscusImplants:Influenceof
the3DPrintingProcessonPropertiesofSiliconeImplants.Polymers2020,12,2136.[CrossRef]
2. Luis,E.;Pan,H.M.;Sing,S.L.;Bajpai,R.;Song,J.;Yeong,W.Y.3DDirectPrintingofSiliconeMeniscusImplantUsingaNovel
Heat-CuredExtrusion-BasedPrinter.Polymers2020,12,1031.[CrossRef][PubMed]
3. Khan,Z.N.;Albalawi,H.I.;Valle-Pérez,A.U.;Aldoukhi,A.;Hammad,N.;deLeón,E.H.-P.;Abdelrahman,S.;Hauser,C.A.E.
From3Dprintedmoldstobioprintedscaffolds:Ahybridmaterialextrusionandvatpolymerizationbioprintingapproachforsoft
matterconstructs.Mater.Sci.Addit.Manuf.2022,1,7.
4. Wang,F.;Zheng,J.;Wang,G.;Jiang,D.;Ning,F.Anovelprintingstrategyinadditivemanufacturingofcontinuouscarbonfiber
reinforcedplasticcomposites.Manuf.Lett.2021,27,72–77.[CrossRef]
5. Weyhrich,C.W.;Long,T.E.Additivemanufacturingofhigh-performanceengineeringpolymers:Presentandfuture.Polym.Int.
2021,71,532–536.[CrossRef]
6. Criado-Gonzalez,M.;Dominguez-Alfaro,A.;Lopez-Larrea,N.;Alegret,N.;Mecerreyes,D.AdditiveManufacturingofConduct-
ingPolymers:RecentAdvances,Challenges,andOpportunities.ACSAppl.Polym.Mater.2021,3,2865–2883.[CrossRef]
7. Divakaran,N.;Das,J.P.;V,A.K.P.;Mohanty,S.;Ramadoss,A.;Nayak,S.K.Comprehensivereviewonvariousadditivemanufac-
turingtechniquesanditsimplementationinelectronicdevices.J.Manuf.Syst.2022,62,477–502.[CrossRef]
8. Ng,W.L.;Ayi,T.C.;Liu,Y.-C.;Sing,S.L.;Yeong,W.Y.;Tan,B.-H.FabricationandCharacterizationof3DBioprintedTriple-layered
HumanAlveolarLungModels.Int.J.Bioprint.2021,7,332.[CrossRef]
9. Lee,J.M.;Sing,S.L.;Yeong,W.Y.BioprintingofMultimaterialswithComputer-aidedDesign/Computer-aidedManufacturing.
Int.J.Bioprint.2020,6,245.[CrossRef]
10. Jiang,H.;Aihemaiti,P.;Aiyiti,W.;Kasimu,A.StudyOfthecompressionbehavioursof3D-printedPEEK/CFR-PEEKsandwich
compositestructures.VirtualPhys.Prototyp.2022,17,138–155.[CrossRef]
11. Goh,G.D.;Sing,S.L.;Lim,Y.F.;Thong,J.L.J.;Peh,Z.K.;Mogali,S.R.;Yeong,W.Y.Machinelearningfor3Dprintedmulti-materials
tissue-mimickinganatomicalmodels.Mater.Des.2021,211,110125.[CrossRef]
12. Gülcan,O.;Günaydın,K.;Tamer,A.TheStateoftheArtofMaterialJetting—ACriticalReview.Polymers2021,13,2829.[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
13. Nagarajan,B.;Wang,Y.;Taheri,M.;Trudel,S.;Bryant,S.;Qureshi,A.J.;Mertiny,P.DevelopmentandCharacterizationofField
StructuredMagneticComposites.Polymers2021,13,2843.[CrossRef][PubMed]
14. Wu, C.; Do, T.T.; Tran, P.MechanicalPropertiesofPolyJet3D-PrintedCompositesInspiredbySpace-FillingPeanoCurves.
Polymers2021,13,3516.[CrossRef][PubMed]
15. Udroiu,R.NewMethodologyforEvaluatingSurfaceQualityofExperimentalAerodynamicModelsManufacturedbyPolymer
JettingAdditiveManufacturing.Polymers2022,14,371.[CrossRef]
16. Samat,A.A.;Hamid,Z.A.A.;Jaafar,M.;Yahaya,B.H.MechanicalPropertiesandInVitroEvaluationofThermoplasticPolyurethane
andPolylacticAcidBlendforFabricationof3DFilamentsforTrachealTissueEngineering.Polymers2021,13,3087.[CrossRef]
17. Zhang,Z.;He,F.;Wang,B.;Zhao,Y.;Wei,Z.;Zhang,H.;Sang,L.BiodegradablePGA/PBATBlendsfor3DPrinting:Material
PerformanceandPeriodicMinimalSurfaceStructures.Polymers2021,13,3757.[CrossRef]
18. Catana,D.-I.;Pop,M.-A.;Brus,D.-I.ComparisonbetweenTestsandSimulationsRegardingBendingResistanceof3DPrinted
PLAStructures.Polymers2021,13,4371.[CrossRef]
19. Jiang,F.;Drummer,D.AnalysisofUVCuringStrategyonReactionHeatControlandPartAccuracyforAdditiveManufacturing.
Polymers2022,14,759.[CrossRef]
20. Gueche,Y.A.;Sanchez-Ballester,N.M.;Bataille,B.;Aubert,A.;Rossi,J.-C.;Soulairol,I.InvestigatingthePotentialPlasticizing
EffectofDi-CarboxylicAcidsfortheManufacturingofSolidOralFormswithCopovidoneandIbuprofenbySelectiveLaser
Sintering.Polymers2021,13,3282.[CrossRef]
21. Schlicht,S.;Greiner,S.;Drummer,D.LowTemperaturePowderBedFusionofPolymersbyMeansofFractalQuasi-Simultaneous
ExposureStrategies.Polymers2022,14,1428.[CrossRef][PubMed]
2
polymers
Review
The State of the Art of Material Jetting—A Critical Review
OrhanGülcan1,* ,KadirGünaydın1,* andAykutTamer2
1 GeneralElectricAviation,Gebze41400,Kocaeli,Turkey
2 DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,LondonSW72AZ,UK;
[email protected]
* Correspondence:[email protected](O.G.);[email protected](K.G.);Tel.:[phone]
Abstract:Materialjetting(MJ)technologyisanadditivemanufacturingmethodthatselectivelycures
liquidphotopolymertobuildfunctionalparts.TheuseofMJtechnologyhasincreasedinpopularity
andbeenadaptedbydifferentindustries,rangingfrombiomedicineanddentistrytomanufacturing
andaviation,thankstoitsadvantagesinprintingpartswithhighdimensionalaccuracyandlow
surfaceroughness.TobetterunderstandtheMJtechnology,itisessentialtoaddressthecapabilities,
applicationsandtheusageareasofMJ.Additionally,thecomparisonofMJwithalternativemethods
anditslimitationsneedtobeexplained. Moreover, theparametersinfluencingthedimensional
accuracyandmechanicalpropertiesofMJprintedpartsshouldbestated.Thispaperaimstoreview
thesecriticalaspectsofMJmanufacturingaltogethertoprovideanoverallinsightintothestateof
theartofMJ.
Keywords:traylocation;builddirection;surfacefinish;matte;glossy
1. Introduction
Thedemandforcomplexpartsissteadilyincreasingindifferentindustries(especially
Citation: Gülcan,O.;Günaydın,K.;
in aerospace, automotive and biomedical industries) to manufacture lighter parts with
Tamer,A.TheStateoftheArtof
MaterialJetting—ACriticalReview. higherstiffness,higherstrengthandlowercost. Thankstotherecentadvancesinadditive
Polymers2021,13,2829. https:// manufacturing(AM)technologies,engineershavemorefreedomtodesignandproduce
doi.org/10.3390/polym13162829 complexpartswhichweremoredifficultifnotimpossibletomanufacturewithconventional
means [1]. The main difference in AM from conventional, subtractive manufacturing
AcademicEditor:SweeLeongSing methodsisthatitisbasedonalayer-by-layermanufacturingwhichresultsinareduced
lowbuytoflyratio(theratioofweightofrawmaterialtoweightofthefinalpart)[2,3].
Received:17July2021 Accordingto“TheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM)Committee
Accepted:13August2021 F42onAdditiveManufacturingTechnologies”AMtechnologiescanbeclassifiedas: pow-
Published:23August2021 der bed fusion, material jetting, vat photopolymerization, directed energy deposition,
materialextrusion, binderjettingandsheetlamination[4]. Thetwodifferenttermsare
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutral utilizedtorefertomaterialjettingprocessessynonymously. Thesenamesareuseddue
withregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin to secured naming rights of the material jetting printer manufacturers Stratasys (Poly-
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffil-
Jet)and3DSystems(MultiJet). ThetechnologywasfirstdevelopedbyObjetGeometries
iations.
Ltd. in 2000 and was acquired later by Stratasys in 2012 [5]. According to ISO/ASTM
52900: 2015 standard, “droplets of feedstock material are selectively deposited” in MJ
technology [6]. Although the MJ printer design varies slightly from manufacturer to
manufacturer, a general schematic representation of MJ can be seen in Figure 1. In MJ,
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. air-excluding tanks are used to store photopolymer materials and these are deposited
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. asdropletsformingaverythinlayeronthebuildplatformafterheatingphotopolymer
This article is an open access article in the transmission line in which photopolymer is transmitted from tank to nozzle [7].
distributed under the terms and Ultraviolet(UV)lightisemittedontothemoltenmaterialonthebuildplatformforcuring.
conditionsoftheCreativeCommons
Inthisphotopolymerization/photo-curingprocess,alightsourceofaspecificwavelength
Attribution(CCBY)license(https://
isusedtocuremonomers/oligomersintheliquidstate[8].Unlikethewavelengthoflamps
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
usedbySLA(355nm)andDLP(405nm),thewavelengthofthelightsourceinMJcan
4.0/).
3