Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space: Paris, 14–18 June 1965

539 Pages·1967·23.18 MB·English

by  Hilding Bjurstedt, A. Matveyev, E. A. Brun (auth.), Hilding Bjurstedt M. D. (eds.)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
1\
BASIC ENVIRONMENT AL PROBLEMS OF
MAN IN SPACE
PARIS, 14 - 18 JUNE 1965
ORGANIZED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL FEDERATION AND THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS
WITH THE SUPPORT AND COOPERATION OF UNESCO, THE
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, THE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, THE
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, AND THE
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNIC.\TIO~ UNION
EDITED BY
HILDING BJURSTEDT, M. D.
PROFESSOR, KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET
STOCKHOLlI.l
WITH 180 FIGURES
1967
SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN GMBH
ISBN 978-3-7091-3034-6 ISBN 978-3-7091-3032-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-3032-2
All rights reserved
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced
in any form (including photostatic or microfilm form)
without written permission of the publishers
© 1967 by Springer-Verlag Wien
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1967
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1967
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65·21971
Preface
The Sl'colld International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of
Man in Space was held 14-18 June 1965 at Unesco House, Paris. It was or-
ganized by thf' International Astronautical Federation and the International
Academy of Astronautics with the support and cooperation of Unesco, the
International Atomic EUl'rgy Agency, the World Health Organization, the
World MeteOl'ological Ol'ganization. and the International Telecommunication
Union.
Thc Sympmliulll was devotcd to four main problem areas, viz. (1) ecophysi-
ology, (2) psychophysiology and engineering psychology, (3) special man-
machine probh~ms. and (4-) biot,echnology. A total of 30 papers-all by special
invitation--wpl'(' PI'PRf'lltl'd during \) half-day working sessions. Eight ofthe papers
were from the P,S,A" S fl'Olll the U,S,S,R., and 14from other countries. The pres-
entations includcd foUl' ~,!pneral review papers. The working languages were
English, Russian. ami Fl't'Ilch,
This volul1H' contaiwl aH the papers of the Symposium and also reports
the discussionK foHowing individual papers. Papers in the Russian language
appeal' in full also in English, Abstracts appear in all three languages, trans-
lations being ~;upplipd by eOUl'tesy of Unesco. For the reporting of discussions
the following sysü'lll wal' used, Each person asking a question or making a
comment from the flool' was given a "question and answer" form immediately
after he had finished sppaking. Thc questioner and the session speaker were
asked to writp down thpir qtlPstions. answers or comments at their earliest
conwnience and to "PÜII'1l thp completed form the same day if possible. In
addition alJ thp rlis('ussionK wel'e tapee! to check on any forms which were not
,'eturned OT' \\'("'P 10sl, Th!' tapPR also provided a safeguard against undecipher-
able informatioll, Fol' "('RKOIlS of space it has been necessary to condense the
discussioml cOllsiderably, allel to rcport them in the English language only.
On behalf of thp orgallizenl of this Symposium, the International Astro-
nautical Fpdel'ation ami tl1l' International Academy of Astronautics, I gratefully
acknowledgp thp carl'ful wo!'k and wholehearted co-operation of the Springer-
Verlag in thc ]ll'oduetioll (lf this second Man-in-Space volume. As Editor, I wish
to express IllY sincpl'(' gratitucle to Miss HELENE VAN GELDER who greatly
facilitated thc editorial \\"Ol'k by most efficient assistance in the organization
of the Symposium, I alll greatly indebted to Miss IRENE UNANDER-SCHARIN
for her skilful assistanee in the I'eporting of the discussions and in other editorial
maUers.
Stockholm. Oct.ollf'I' IH66
H. Bjurstedt
Organizing Committee of thc Symposium
Ohairman:
Prof. HILDING A. BJURSTEDT, Director, Laboratory of Avia-
tion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Sweden).
Vice-Ohairmen:
Dr. W. RANDOLPH LOVELACE II, Director, Lovelace Founda-
tion for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque,
N.M. (U.S.A.).
Prof. N. M. SISSAKIAN, Presidium, U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences, Moscow (U.S.S.R.).
Members:
Prof. R. K. ANDJUS, Institute of Physiology, University of
Belgrade (Yugosla via).
Prof. M. FLORKIN, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of
Liege (Belgium).
Prof. O. H. GAUER, Physiological Institute of the Free
University of Berlin (German Federal RepubIic).
Med. Gen. R. GRANDPIERRE, former Director, "Centre d'En-
seignement et de Recherches de Medecine Aeronau-
tique," Paris (France).
Air Comm. W. K. STEWART, R.A.F. Institute of Aviation
Medicine, Farnborough (U. K.).
Prof. J. WALAWSKI, Academy ofMedicine, Warsaw (Poland).
Contents
Opening Romarks. By H. Bjurstedt, A. ~Iatveyev, E. A. Brun, W. H. Pickering,
C. S. Draper, S. Forssman, and E. Vassy ............................. 1
Funetional Disturbanees of Vestibular Ol'igin of Significance in Spa<3e Flight.
By A. Graybiel. C\Vith 19 Figures) ...... . ............................ S
Diseussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C .UIPBELL -- GRAYBlEL -- PICHLER - BJl;RtiTEDT.
HCHOTOPhIe rrp06JIeMbI 3HO!Jlu3110JIOrHH, H. 1\1. ülcaKlIll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3. 3. .
English Translation: Some Problems of Eeophysiology. Hy N. ~I. Sissakian 49
Diseussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .6 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAYBIEL - CHERNIGOVSKY - 'VIUTE - TOBIAS - MAYO - PACE -
GAUER - CAMPBELl,.
Bioecological and Biomedical Monitoring for Advanced Man in Spaee Projeets.
By f'..J. Clemedson .. . ............ . ....... . .... . ... . ............... , 61
Diseussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .7 .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOVAK - CLElIfEDSON .
Somo Problems of Behaviour R elating to Space Flight. Hy 'V. K. Stewart .. . . 80
Diseussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S 9. . . . . .
GAUER - STEWART - GRANDPIERHE.
hOM6uIII1pOBallHhle B03AeticTBUfl qlaHTOPOB HOCMlI'leCHOro IIOJlera Ha HCHoTophle
!fJYHlH\111I opralIU3Ma, 1'. IU. (J>paHK, H. H. JIIIBIIIII~, ~[. A. ApcellLeBa,
3. H. AnaHaCeHItO, JI. A. BeJIUeBa, A. B. 1'00IOBKIIHa, B. H. KJIIIßIOBn~};llit,
1\1. A. II:Y'lHe~oBa, .lI. )),. JIYKLlIlloBa 11 E. e. l\'leiiaepoB. (22 PRe.) . . . . ... 90
English Translation: Combined Effeet.s of Spaco Flight Fact.on; on Some
Funct.ions of the Organism. By G. 1\1. Frank, N. N. Livshitz, M. A. Arsenieva,
Z. I. Apanasenko, IJ. A. ßelliaeva, A. V. Golovkina, V. Y. Klimovitsky,
M. A. Kuznetsova, IJ. D. Loukianova, and E. S. Meizerov. ("'ith 22 Fignres) 123
Disenssion .......... . . . ............... . ... . ... . ...... . ... . .. . ... . .. 140
KLEIN - FRANK -- HARTELS -- TEH-POGOSSIAN - PICHLEH - TOB lAS.
Interaotion of Radiation and Other Environmental Stresses in Biologieal
Systems. By C. A. '1'obias, N. M. Amer, J. Je Ashikawa, J. T. JJymall,
JJ. W. ~leDonald, J. V. Slater, C. A. Sondhans, and P. W. Todd. (With
10 Figuros) ...................... . ..................... . ........... 141
Diseussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1. 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GHAYBIEL - TOBIAS - NOVAK - TEH-POGOSSIAN - Mmo - GRAUL.
Toleranee to the Combined Effoots of Hypothormia, Anoxia, and Ionizing
Radiation. By R. I{. Andjns, Olivera Matie, and Nndezda Savkovie. (With
8 Figures) ......................................................... 159
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .1 69. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOVAK - ANDJUS.
VI Contents
Hpl1Tepl111 paAl1al\110HHOH 6eaonaCHOCTl1 AJII1TeJIbHblX IWCMl1lJeCKI1X nOJIeTOB, 10. l'.
l'pHropLeB, E. E. KOBlUleB, A. ß. JIeoeAHHCKnii, 10. r. HelJleAOB, ß. r. ßb[-
cO~Knii, H. ß. PLImOB, B. A. lUapKenoB, JI. H. CMHpeHHLIii, ß. E. f],mKIfH
11 H. H. f],epoeHeBa. (3 Pl1c.) ........... .. . ... . ... ... .......... .. .. .. 170
English 1'rallslation: Criteria of Radiation Safety in Prolonged Space
Flights. By Yu. G. Grigoryev, E. E. Kovalyev, A. V. Lebedinsky,
Yu. G. Nefedov, V. G. Vysotsky, N. I. Ryzhov, ß. A. Markelov,
L. N. Smirenny, V. E. Dudkin, and N. N. Derbeneva. (With 3 Figures) ... 185
Discussion . .. .... . .. ..... . .... . . .. .... . .. . . .. ......... .......... . .. 196
TOBIAs - FRANK - WHITE - ANDJUS - GRAYBIEL.
Cardiopulmonary Effects of Acceleration in Relation to Space Flight. By
E. H. Wood, W. J. Rutishauser, N. ßanehero, A. C. Nolan, A. G. Tsakiris,
and D. E. Donald. (With 9 Figures) .................................. 198
Discussion .. . ...... ...... ........ . . ........... .... .. ......... . ... . . 210
BARTELS - WOOD - PACE - GRANDPIERRE.
Fluid Metabolisrn and Circulation During and After Sirnulated Weightlessness.
By O. H. Gauer, P. Eekert, D. Kaiser, and H. J. Linkenbach. (With 7 Figures) 212
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 2. 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRANDPIERRE - GAUER - GRAYBIEL - WHITE - ROTH - WEBB -
PACE - ANDJUS.
Vascular Reactivity to Neurohormones in Subgravity Simulated by Immersion
Method. By J. Walawski and Z. Kaleta. (With 6 Figures) .......... .. . . 222
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 2. 2. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GAUER - WALAWSKI - LAWTON.
Un probleme original en biologie aerospatiale: l'action des vibrations mecaniques
au niveau cellulaire. Par P. Grognot, R. Loubiere et A. Pfister. (Avec
1 Figure) ... .. ..... .. ... . . .. . ......... .. . .. .. . ....... .......... ... , 229
The Toxic Effects of Breathing Oxygen. By J. Ernsting• .................... 234
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2. 5. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRANDPIERRE - ERNSTING - BARTELS - TOBIAS - LOUBIERE.
BJBHIHl1e Ha OpraHI13M AJII1TeJIbHOrO npe6b1BaHI1II (100 CYTOK) ß aTMocljJcpe
'IHCTOrO HI1CJIOpOAa npl1 06mCM AaBJIeHl111 198 111M pT. CT., H. A. AraAmaHJIH,
10. 11. BHiJHH, l'. ß. f],OPOHIIH, A. r. KY3He~oB 11 A. P. MaHcYPoB . . . ... 258
English Translation: Effects on the Organisrn of Prolonged Exposme to
Pure Oxygen (Up to 100 Days) at a Total Ambient Pressure of 198 rnrn Hg.
By N. A. Agadzhanyan, Yu. P. ßizin, G. P. Doronin, A. G. Kuznetsov, and
A. R. Mansurov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 2. 6. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 27. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANDJUS - PROKOVSKY - NOVAK - CULVER - PACE.
The Formation of Carbon Monoxide in the Living Organisrn - a Factor To Be
Considered in Space Flight. By T. Sjöstrand .... . ...... .. . ........... . 274
Discussion ......................................................... 278
BIGET - SJÖSTRAND - TOBlAS - ROTH.
Examples of Defense Against Low Oxygen and High Carbon-Dioxide Tensions
in the Animal Kingdom. By H. ßartels. (With 6 Figures) ..... ...... .. .. 279
Action des champs electromagnetiques hyperfrequences sur l'incorporation
de la Methionine 35 Spar la rate et la foie chez la souris. Par L. Miro,
R. Loubiere et A. Pfister ............................................ 288
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PICHLER - MIRO - CAMPBELL - PACE.
Contents VII
HeHOTophle peSYJIbTaThI MejlMl\MHCHMX MCCJIeAOBaHMn, rrpOBeAeHHbIX BO BpeMH
IIOJIeTa Kopa6JIH "BocXOA", 10. lU. BOllblHKHH M n. B. BaCMln,eB. (5 PMC.) 298
English Translation: Some Results of Medical Investigations During the
Voskhod Spaceship Flight. By Yu. M. Volynkin and P. V. Vasilyev. (With
5 Figures) ...... . .................................................. 312
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEBB - VASILYEV - GRAYBIEL - WHITE - PACE - LINDSEY - ROTH-
STEWART - GAUER - CAMPBELL.
L'activite electrocorticographique lors des differentes phases du vol en avion
ou en fusee. Par P. Buser, G. Chatelier, J. Ginet et R. Grandpierre. (Avec
7 Figlu'es) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3. 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .3 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROCTOR - BUSER - FLICKINGER - MAYO - VASILYEV.
HeHOTophle BOIlPOChI AefITeJIbHOCTM ceHcopHbIX CMCT8M rrpHMellMTeJIbHO K 3aAaqaM
IWCMMqeCKotl IPM3MOJIOrMM, B. ,[l. rlleaep, B. A. KHClIJIKOB, B. A. KomeBHlIROB,
B. H. lIepHllroBCKHH M JI. A. lIHCTOBH'l. (8 PMC.) ................•..•• 335
English Translation: So me Prob10ms of the Activity of SensOl'y Systems
As Applied to Space Physiology. By V. D. Glezer, V. A. Kislyakov,
V. A. Kozhevnikov, V. N. Chernigovsky, and L. A. Chistovich. (With
8 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 3. 5. 0. . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .3 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOBlAS - CHERNIGOVSKY.
II pOUJIeMbI llaAelliHOCTM qeJIOBe[,a B CMCTeMax YllpaBJIeHHH HOCMH'leCHMM HOpaUJIeM,
n. K. HcaKoB, B. A. nOnOB M lU. lU. CHlIbBeCTpOB. (1 PI1C.) ........... 361
English Translat'ion: Some Problems of Man's Reliability in Spacecraft
Control and Guidance Systems. By P. K. Isakov, V. A. Popov, and
~I. M. Silvestrov. (With 1 Figure) ........ . ............................ 368
DisCllssion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3. 7. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAYBIEL - POPO V - CAMPBELL - LAMPERT - VVHITE - FLICKINGER.
Physiological, Behavioral, and Subjective Reactions to Stress. By Marianne
Frankenhaeuser. (vVith 12 Fignres) . . ....... . .... . .... . ... . ......... . . 374
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3. 8. 7. . . . . . . . . . . .
NOVAK - FRANKENHAEUSER - PACE - MILLER - STEWART - Popov.
On tho Dangors of Over-Arousal. By D. E. Broadbent ....... . . . . . . . . . .. .. 3. 8. 9
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 39. 8
PROCTOR - BROADBENT - PACE.
Habitability : General Principles and Applications to Space Vehicles. By
J. F. Kuhis .... . .... . ..... . .. . ... . .......................... . ...... 399
<DH3HOJIOfO-fMfl1eHUqeCHaH Ol\8HHa CHCTOill llil13HeHIIOfO ooeCrreqeHHH HOCMM'leCHUX
HOpaOJIetl "BocToH" H "BocXOA", r. H. BOPOHlfH, A. ~1. reHlIH 11 A. r. c])OMIIH.
(3 Puc.) ... . ........ . ....................•....................•..• 428
Englüh Translation: Physiological ami Hygienical Evaluation of Life
Support Systems of tho "Vostok" and "Voskhod" Spacecraft. By
G. I. Voronin, A. ~1. Guenin, and A. G. Fomin. (With 3 Figures) ........ 439
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .4 .4 .5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
JOHNSTON - GUENIN - CULVER - PACE - WHITE - TER-POGOSSIAN.
Numerical Indices of Cardiovascular Status. By P. Howard, G. H. Bylord,
J. Stoddart, and M. J. Alhvood .... . ............. . .. . ................ 447
VllI Conl(' lIfs
DiBcuSIIion ........ ....... ........................................ . 452
P "CE - How,uw - H OTH.
Computer Utilization of T imo-Lino Morlit'ül nato. (rom M an in Spaoo Fl ighl ..
ß y J. f '. J.[ndsey. (Wit lt 10 }~igurM) 41)3
Discllssion ..... . .... . 4711
Thc Dcvolopmcnt of Spaco Suit Systems. By n. S. John8ton. (With 14 Figures) 478
Discussion
P O I>Q\' - J O I :<l"'OS _ . l:H EII SiCO\'SKY - ütr~S I N - V"SILYE" '"
PIIOKO"SKY .
']110 U Lilit}' of All tomatf!<1 SystillTIS in t ho Soareh for E)(t nlotl'rroatrio.] Lire. B~'
O. E. Ue)'llUlds mul H .... Kll'lu. (With 8 Fi~ lres) ........... 494
D iscussioll . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .......... . ....... .... .. . 505
!-' RA S K -- KI.~IN - B " I(T h:/ .-; - L .UIPJ-:ItT -- 'l'OlllMj.
Tho R olo or Infl'fl.!'()(1 S!)OOt,I'OQCOpy in t .ho Biologicul "~xplo rl\t.ion of Mars. By
n. (t J{(~M. (WiM. 2 1 'Figm~'")'''' ' 006
J)iSCllssion .................. . 531
P.~Cf: - '1h:.I. - TOIl l AS - 1<'ll.-\N K.
Opening Remarks
HILDING BJURSTEDT, Chairman of the Symposium:
An International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in
Space convened in this room on October 29, 1962. I deem it an honor to again
address an international symposium around the same title.
It appears to me that, with this second symposium, its organizers, the Inter-
national Astronautical Federation and the International Academy of Astro-
nautics, have already started a tradition. Thie may sound like a paradox when
applied to a field where ecience and technology rush forward at an ever increasing
speed. However, no one thinks of defending tradition in days that are making
tradition, and so I leave it to futurity to look back and judge the strength of
our motives to reunite here at Unesco House, to find out what has been accom-
plished since we adjourned last time, and to exchange ideas on the problems
that are before uso Speaking for the Organizing Committee of this symposium
-thOS6 ofyou who were with us in 1962 will have noticed in the present program-
me that this group is in the main unchanged-I can only verify that our first
symposium had barely come to a elose before this veteran committee started
preparations for another symposium along lines that had just proven themselves
exceptionally rewarding.
The common objectives of these symposia are to stimulate educational and
scientific activity and progress, to encourage international cooperation in this
particular problem area, and to further advancement of research in the basic
aspects of the many problems at hand. Ultimately, these objectives are all
concerned with the safety of man in space. That this symposium, like its predeces-
sor, has enjoyed such prompt and strong response from leaders in this field,
individuals as weIl as nations and groups of nations, demonstrates a concern
for human well-being and adesire to expand research information on the prob-
lems of man in space on a truly international basis. This, I believe, is a heartening
sign that ethics and the humanities have not been left behind in the race to
conquer outer space.
I might remind you that the initiative to these symposia was taken jointly
by responsible men of science on two Continents. This fact was reflected in the
composition of the Study Group for our first Symposium that was appointed
in 1961 by the International Astronautical Federation and the International
Academy of Astronautics. Another feature of the composition of this Group
was what might be referred to as the principle of "good geographical represen-
tation" . This principle haH been maintained, not only in the first steps of organiz-
ing our Study Groups, but also in the setting up of Organizing Committees, and
in the choice of speakers and papers for our symposia.
Plans for the present symposium were first drawn up by a Study Group,
which was organized by the Federation and the Academy, and which met here
in Paris in September 196:{. The members of the Organizing Committee for the
first Symposium were invited to make recommendations as regarded plans and
program for a second Symposium. The Group agreed that a second Symposium
Man in Space II 1
2 Opening Remarks
seemed highly desirable, and it was considered feasible to hold another five-day
symposium at Unesco House during the second half of June, 1965.
An Organizing Committee was formed with-as I have just mentioned-
essentially the same members as those constituting the committee for the first
symposium. The Committee met in Paris in May 1964, when the plans and
program for the present symposium were finalized.
Our first symposium was devoted to three main research areas, namely
(1) ecophysiology, (2) psychophysiology, and (3) the acquisition, analysis and
control of physiological and psychological data. During the last few years there
has been a rapid growth of engineering psychology, special man-machine prob-
lems, and biotechnology in bioastronautics, and the Group consequently agreed
to add these problem areas to those of ecophysiology and psychophysiology.
The printed program outlines the subjects to be discussed. This afternoon 4
general review papers will be presented, which together will cover most of the
problem areas we have before uso Monday and Tuesday will be devoted to environ-
mental physiology. This section comprises 13 papers and is by far the largest.
Many of the remaining 17 papers deal with problems of an interdisciplinary
nature. .Problems of psychophysiology and engineering psychology will be
presented and discussed on Thursday. Friday, finally, will be devoted to special
man-machine problems and biotechnology.
It has been a great pleasure for me to work with the Organizing Committee,
ever since it first got together as a Study Group in 1961. My friends in the Com-
mittee, who have relieved me of so much responsibility, have certainly been
looking forward to seeing their plans realized. The two vice-chairmen of the
Committee, Professor SISSAKIAN and Dr. LOVELACE have cooperated in the
preparations and in the organization of this Symposium with great enthusiasm.
Without the support of their leading organizations, the U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, both spiritually
and from the material point of view, our two symposia would not have been
possible.
A major part of the total effort to arrange this symposium has been expended
by the authors of the 30 paper to be presented at this symposium. It is already
evident from the advance information in the preprints, that there will again
be an abundancy of primary, first-class, experimental material available for
discussion during this Symposium. As was the case last time, the Organizing
Committee takes great pride in this fact, which shows the rapid progress in this
field, and also that the space age continues to benefit from the best efforts of
scientists in many countries and disciplines.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I would like to thank all of you who
have expended so much time and effort in the preparation their papers. We
are very grateful to those of you who have travelled long distance for coming
here and sharing with us their ideas and experience. Speaking for the Organizing
Committee I would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Miss HELF;NE
VAN GELDER, Secretary of the International Academy of Astronautics, for her
skillful and unfailing interest and work to get this symposium into orbit.
A. MATVEYEV, Assistant, Director-General for Science, representing the Director-
General of Unesco:
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to Unesco House on behalf of the
Director General. Mr. MAHEU has asked me to express to you his great regret at
being unable to welcome you in person. As you know, he was present at the
opening ofthe first symposium on Man in Space here at Unesco in October, 1962,