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ISSN 0073-6767 r\ J f J 1886 Proceedings of the Academy Indiana of Science Volume 107 Number 1-4 ThePROCEEDINGSOFTHEINDIANAACADEMYOFSCIENCEisaquarterlyjournaldedicatedtopro- moting scientific research and the diffusion ofscientific information; to encouraging communication and cooperationamongscientists; andtoimprovingeducationinthe sciences. EDITOR GaryE. Dolph IndianaUniversity Kokomo 2300S.WashingtonSt. Kokomo,Indiana46904-9003 [email protected] 765-455-9303 EDITORIALBOARD HansO.Andersen WiltonN.Melhorn IndianaUniversity PurdueUniversity RitaBan- PaulRothrock PurdueUniversity TaylorUniversity ErnestE. Campaigne AlfredR. Shmidt IndianaUniversity RoseHulmanInstituteofTechnology WilliamR. Clark ThomasP. Simon BallStateUniversity UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency DonaldR. Cochran Paul M. Stewart Ball StateUniversity IndianaUniversity-PurdueUniversityFortWayne RobertE Dale MichaelTansey Purdue University IndianaUniversity KaraW. Eberly RobertD.Waltz St. Mary'sCollege IndianaDepartmentofNatural Resources UweJ. Hansen J. DanWebster IndianaStateUniversity HanoverCollege DarlyR. Karns HarmonWeeks HanoverCollege PurdueUniversity N. GaryLane JohnO.Whitaker,Jr. IndianaUniversity IndianaStateUniversity Paul C. MacMillan HanoverCollege EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE RebeccaDolan President ButlerUniversity MarionT.Jackson President-Elect IndianaStateUniversity RobertF Dale Secretary PurdueUniversity EdwardL. Frazier Treasurer 5007W. 14thStreet, Speedway JamesW. Berry DirectorofPublic Relations ButlerUniversity Gary E. Dolph EditoroftheProceedings IndianaUniversityKokomo JamesD. Haddock ImmediatePastPresident IndianaUniversity-PurdueUniv. FortWayne NelsonR. Shaffer ExecutiveOfficer IndianaGeological Survey EXCHANGEITEMS:ItemssentinexchangefortheProceedingsandcorrespondenceconcerningexchange arrangements should be sent to the IndianaAcademy of Science, John S. Wright Memorial Library, 140 NorthSenateAvenue,Indianapolis, Indiana46204. REPRINTS AND PERMISSIONS: Write to the Executive Officer, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,WestLafayette,IN47907. EDITORIALCORRESPONDENCE:All matterforpublication shouldbeaddressedtotheEditor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Founded 29 December 1885 Volume 107 Number 1-4 1998 Published at Bloomington, Indiana February 27, 2001 — I would like to dedicate this issue to my mother and father SophieA. andAllen N. Dolph. They paved the way for my success. Copyright © 2000 by the IndianaAcademy ofScience PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANAACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume 107, 1-4(1998) CONTENTS GINNWOODS K.S. Badger, D.G. Ruch, A. Schoultz, J.E. Taylor, and B.E. Jones. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF GINN WOODS, AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST IN EAST-CENTRAL INDIANA 1 D.G. Ruch, A. Schoultz, and K.S. Badger. THE FLORAAND VEGETATION OF GINN WOODS, BALL STATE UNIVERSITY, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 17 ECOLOGY TR Simon, RB. Moy, and D.K. Barnes. NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR EXOTIC AND NON-INDIGENOUS FISH SPECIES IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE, INDIANA 61 GEOLOGYAND GEOGRAPHY J.B. Droste andA.S. Horowitz. THE RACCOON CREEK GROUP (PENNSYLVANIAN) IN THE SUBSURFACE OFTHE ILLINOIS BASIN 71 INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY D.D. Edwards. THE FRESHWATER MUSSELS (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) OF PIGEON CREEK, A SMALL SOUTHWESTERN INDIANATRIBUTARY OF THE OHIO RIVER 79 M. Myers-Kinzie. THE EFFECT OFTEMPERATURE ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL LAMPSILIS SILIQUOIDEA (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) 85 NEWPORT CHEMICAL DEPOT MAMMALS J.P Veilleux, J.O. Whitaken Jr., and E.A. Vincent. OFTHE NEWPORT CHEMICAL DEPOT, VERMILLION COUNTY, INDIANA 91 E.A. Vincent, J.O. Whitaker, Jr., and J.R Veilleux. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OFTHE NEWPORT CHEMICAL DEPOT, VERMILLION COUNTY, INDIANA 105 J.O. Whitaker, Jr., J.R Veilleux, and E.A. Vincent. FISHES OF THE NEWPORT CHEMICALDEPOT, VERMILLION H^ COUNTY, INDIANA PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY M AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES S Alix and R.W. Scribailo. DIVERSITYAND FLORISTIC QUALITYASSESSMENT OF SAUGANYLAKE, INDIANA 123 ZOOLOGY RANGE EXPANSION OF K.A. Berkley and S.A. Johnson. THE BADGER (TAXIDEA TAXUS) IN INDIANA 141 B.E. Fisher, S.R Wente, T.P Simon, andA. Spacie. THE FISHES OFTIPPECANOE COUNTY, INDIANA 151 DISTRIBUTION OFTHE B. Leibacher and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. WESTERN HARVEST MOUSE, REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS, IN INDIANA 167 BATS OFTHE D.W. Sparks, J.A. Laborda, and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. INDIANAPOLIS INTERNATIONALAIRPORTAS COMPARED TOAMORE RURALCOMMUNITY OF BATS AT PRAIRIE CREEK 171 D.Watt, J. Fahey, E. Hackett, M. Maki, A. McCourt, H. Robinson, EFFECTS OF COLOR MANIPULATIONS and J. Stafford. ON CAPTIVE FLOCKS OF HOUSE FINCHES 181 YEAR-END FINANCIALREPORT 197 1999 REVIEWERS ^^^ INDEX ^^^ ProceedingsoftheIndianaAcademyofScience 1 (1998)Volume 107p. 1-15 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF GINN WOODS, AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST IN EAST-CENTRAL INDIANA Kemuel S. Badger', Donald G. Ruch, Ashleigh Schoultz, John E. Taylor, and Bobette E. Jones Biology Department Ball State University Muncie, Indiana 47306 ABSTRACT: The structure and composition ofGinn Woods, a deciduous forestcommunity ineast-central Indiana, wasexamined, andits status asan old-growth stand was evaluated. Woody stems > 10 cm dbh were sampled using the point-centered quarter method. Woody stems < 10 cm dbh and at least2 mtallwere sampledusing0.01 hacircularplots. Datawerecollected fromthree areas having some differences in land-use history and soil mois- tureregimes. Shade-tolerant species dominate the understory andoverstory. Acersaccharum has the highest overstory density, understory density, and totalbasalareaofanyspeciesinallbutthemostpoorlydrainedareas.Fagus grandifoliaorTiliaamericanaranksecondinmostofthesecategories. Sub- dominant species at the site include: Aesculus glabra, Celtis occidentalism Fraxinusamericana,Prunusserotina, Quercusrubra,and Ulmusrubra.Acer saccharinum,Acerrubrum, Carya laciniosa, Fraxinuspennsylvanica, Pla- tanus occidentalis, andPopulus deltoides are prominent in localized areas, where soil drainage is the poorest. Canopy recruitmentreflects ahistory of natural windthrows with minimal impact from human activities. Shade tol- erantdominants show adescending monotonic size-class distributionthatis typicalofuneven-agedstandsthatarereplacingthemselves. Shade-intolerant speciesshowlittleornorecruitment,andtheirimportanceshouldcontinueto decease.Acrossthesite,totalcanopystemdensity(dbh > 10cm)rangedfrom 282 to 339 stems/ha, andbasal arearanged from 36to 39 m'/ha. These data indicate thatGinnWoods is an old-growthforest. This 61-haforestranks as the secondlargestold-growthforestinIndiana. KEYWORDS: Indiana, old-growth, beech-maple forest, plant community, succession. INTRODUCTION A varietyofdefinitions andcriteriahavebeenusedtodistinguishold-growth forests fromless mature successional stands. Mostdefinitions ofold-growth forest are based on tree age, lack ofhuman disturbance, forest community structure, and successional stage ofthe forest. No consensus exists on old-growth criteriabased on tree age and degree ofanthropogenic disturbance. Old-growth forests are morereadily definedby community structural characteristics. On this basis, old-growth forests are generally dominated by old trees, contain a con- 'Authorofcorrespondence:KemuelS.Badger:[email protected](e-mail),765-285-8804(Fax),or765-285- 8828(phone). Ginn Woods: Badger, et al Vol. 107 (1998) siderable amount ofdead woody biomass, have multiple growth layers, have large trees for the growing conditions, have well-developed herbaceous layers, have a mosaic ofvariable-sized canopy gaps, and are dominated by late successional species (Leverett, 1996). Strict quantitative criteria are difficult to use to define old-growth forests due to the variable effects ofregional climate, local site conditions, and disturbance regime on community composition and structure. Typically, the criteria in a particular region are based on a variety ofquantitative and qualitative forest parameters that combine functional, structural, and historical attributes. Thecriteriaforidentifyingold-growthmesophyticforests inIndianaandthe sur- rounding stateshavebeen summarizedbyParker(1989) andMartin (1992). Their criteria can be used to evaluate beech-maple forests, but a lower diversity of canopy species should be expected forbeech-maple forests than forother mes- ophytic forests in the region (Runkel, 1996). Ginn Woods is one ofthe largest remaining tracts of old-growth forest in east-central Indiana(McClain, 1985; Ruch, etal, 2000). However, GinnWoods has not been included in studies ofthe old-growth forests ofIndiana (Parker, 1989; Brothers, 1993; Spetich, etal, 1997). Noquantitative studies ofthewoody plant community in Ginn Woods have been published. In contrast, the Davis- Purdue Research Forest, located only about45 km from Ginn Woods, has been the subject of several published studies (Parker and Leopold, 1983; Parker, et al, 1985; Parker and Sherwood, 1986; ParkerandWard, 1987; Ward and Park- er, 1989; Spetich and Parker, 1998). After a briefvisit, Lindsey, et al (1969) rated Ginn Woods as a high quality educational resource, but they did not rec- ognize it as an old-growth forest. In this paper, we describe the distribution and abundanceofwoody plants withinGinnWoods andevaluate its status as an old- growth forest. STUDY SITE Ginn Woods is a 65-ha tract ofwoodland owned by Ball State University and managed by the Department ofBiology. The site is located approximately 25 km north ofMuncie, Indiana (SW'A, Sec. 18, and NW'A, Sec. 19, T22N, RIOE; Figure 1). Ginn Woods consists ofthree separately purchased tracts of land. The tract originally known as Ginn's Woods was purchased by John Ginn in 1832 as a United States Land Grant shortly after Delaware County was first settled. The woods remained in the Ginn family until its purchase by Ball State University in 1971. The portion ofthe original tract known as North Woods (approximately 25 ha) had a slighdy different disturbance history from South Woods (approximately 20ha).AccordingtotheGinnfamily. NorthWoods (Fig- ure 1) has been neithergrazednorburnedandhas notbeen logged sinceits acquisition. South Woods was notgrazedbuthasbeen moderately disturbed. In 1924, some timber was removed for the construction of a house. In addition, a few whiteoaks werecutby astave mill company, but, forsomeunknownreason, the logswerenotremoved. Ginn'sWoods wasdesignatedaclassifiedforestinDecem- Vol. 107 (1998) IndianaAcademy of Science Indiana Dela\Aare County Ginn Woods N NorthWoods Wesley Munc yAddition SouthWoods s NixonWoods s s Figure 1. Map ofGinn Woods and the location ofGinn Woods in Delaware County, Indiana. ber 1929. The State Forester at that time, Charles C. Deam, stated on the appli- cationformthatthe woods hadno indicationofinsectordisease damage andno anthropogenic disturbance. Deam stated that Ginn's Woods was a virgin forest (McClain, 1985). Ball State University purchased two other tracts of land shortly after the acquisition ofthe original Ginn's Woods. Nixon Woods (approximately 16 ha; Figure 1), which abuts the southern end of South Woods, was acquired in 1974. No record ofpast use has been found for Nixon Woods. However, in the 1971 proposal to purchase this tract, Nixon Woods was reported to have larger treesthanthosefoundinGinn'sWoods andlittle evidence ofhuman disturbance (McClain, 1985).Theevidence offencing aroundNixonWoods, which is absent fromtherestofthe study area, suggests thatgrazing mayhave occurredinNixon Woods at some time. The third and final tract purchased was the Wesley Addi- tion or Wesley WetArea (Figure 1; Ruch, et aL, 2000). This 4-ha former agri- cultural fieldwas purchasedtopreserve the integrityofNorthWoods. These four tracts are now known collectively as Ginn Woods. Ginn Woods is managed as a research natural area. Ginn Woods lies in the Bluffton Till Plain Section ofthe Central Till Plain Natural Region, an area formerly covered by an extensive beech-maple forest (Homoya, et aL, 1985). The soils in Ginn Woods are derived from glacial par- entmaterial and vary from somewhatpoorly drainedto very poorly drained soils (Huffman, 1972). McClain (1985), who studiedthe soilsinNorthWoods, described the dominant soils as Blount (Aerie Ochraqualfs, fine, illitic, mesic), Glynwood (Aquic Hapludalfs, fine, illitic, mesic), andLenawee Soils (Mollic Haplaquepts, fine, illitic, mesic). These soils comprise approximately 80%, 15%, and 5% of the study site, respectively. The poorinternal drainage ofthese soils results in a Ginn Woods: Badger, et al Vol. 107 (1998) seasonallyhighwatertableoflessthan40cmformostofthe study area(McClain, 1985). Seasonalpondingtypically occurs onthelow-lyingportions ofthe Blount Soils through early spring and on the Lenawee Soils through mid-summer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overstory. Thepoint-centeredquartermethodwas usedto sampletheover- story trees (Cottam and Curtis, 1956). Systematic sampling was used to insure uniformcoverageofthewoods, excludingtheWesleyWetArea(Figure 1). Tran- m sects were spacedat50 intervals andorientedfromwesttoeast. Samplepoints m m were located at 25 intervals along the transects, and sampling began 25 in fromthe edge.Ateach samplepoint, fourquarters were definedusing the direc- tion of the measuring tape and an imaginary line extending perpendicular to thetape ateach samphngpoint. Ineachquarter, the stemclosesttothe sampling pointthat was greaterthan orequal to 10 cmdbh (diameteratbreastheight, 1.4 m from the ground) was identified, and its dbh (to the nearest 0.1 cm) and dis- tance from the sampling point (to the nearest 0.1 m) were recorded. These data were summarized to obtain information on the woods' composition and structure. Stemdensityperhectare,basalarea(dominance)perhectare, and frequency perhectare were calculated for each species along each transect (Cottam and Curtis, 1956). Our initial analysis ofthe data from the individual transects indicated that species' composition and structure were very homoge- neous withineach areaofGinnWoods (Schoultz, 1997). Therefore, thetransect data were combined to give an overall value for each section ofGinn Woods. Species' importance values were calculated as the average ofthe sum the relative dominance, relative frequency, and relative density in each area ofGinn Woods (Barbour, et. al, 1987). Stemdensitywascalculatedforthe5 mostdominantspecies (basedonimpor- tance value) in each section ofGinnWoods. Size-class densities ofthe remaining species were summed. The size-class distributions wereusedtoinferwhether ornotaparticular species was replacing itself.Aspecies thatis reproducing vig- orously will often have a high density in its smaller size classes (Ziegler, 1995). Our size-class distributions were compared to the three basic size-structure curves: descending monotonic, multimodal, and decreaser (Leak, 1964; Lorimer, 1985; Whipple and Dix, 1979; Ziegler, 1995). Adescending monotonic curve, which has a higher density in the smaller size classes and a decrease in density with anincrease indiameter, is typical ofuneven-aged stands thatare replacing themselves. A multimodal curve identifies a species that reproduces in pulses separated by periods of low/no reproduction. The decreaser curve is similar to the descending monotonic curve except that few to no stems are present in the smaller size classes due to the low recruitment rate of the species. Understory. One hundred and fifty 0.01 ha circularplots (radius = 5.64 m) were randomly located along the transects. Fifty plots were located within each of the three regions of Ginn Woods. Within the circular plots, the number of