Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space: Paris, 29 October — 2 November 1962

513 Pages·1965·18.502 MB·English-French

by  Hilding Bjurstedt M.D (auth.), Hilding Bjurstedt M.D (eds.)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF
MAN IN SPACE
PARIS, 29 OCTOBER - 2 NOVEMBER 1962
ORGANIZED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL FEDERATION AND THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS
WITH THE SUPPORT AND COOPERATION OF UNESCO, THE
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY AND THE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
EDITED BY
HILDING BTURSTEDT, M. D.
PROFESSOR, KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET
STOCKHOLM
WITH 112 FIGURES
1965
SPRINGER-VERLAG
NEW YORK
ISBN 978-3-7091-6662-2 ISBN 978-3-7091-6660-8 (eBook)
DOl 10_1007/978-3-7091-6660-8
All rights reserved
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced
in any form (including photostatic or microfilm form)
without written permission of the publishers
© 1965 by Springer-Verlag/Wien
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1965
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-21971
Titel-Nr_ 8960
Preface
This volume contains the communications and discussions of the First Inter
national Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space, which
was held 29 October - 2 November 1962 at Unesco House, Paris, under the
joint sponsorship of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) and the
International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) with the cooperation and support
of Unesco, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World
Health Organization (WHO).
At this Symposium 31 communications were presented, 8 of which were from
the USSR, 8 from the USA, and 15 from other countries, all by special invitation.
The presentations, which included three general review papers, were made in
ten half-day working sessions by a distinguished international group. The pro
ceedings were not restricted to the acute professional aspects of man in space.
In fact, the majority of the vast store of material contained in this volume deals
with the more scientific aspects, i. e. with problems of the future, which are con
tributed mainly by conventional areas of physiology and psychophysiology,
including the technical research activities pertaining to the acquisition, analysis
and control of biomedical data.
The 31 papers appear in this volume in the order they were read at the Sym
posium. The working languages were English, Russian and French. Abstracts
were supplied in all three languages by courtesy of Unesco. Papers given in the
Russian language appear in full also in English whenever a translation was
supplied by the authors. The discussions following the papers were recorded on
tape. In addition, each discussant was asked to write down his main points on
a "question and answer" form. The discussion included in this volume are edited
versions of this tape-recorded and textual material. For reasons of space it was
found necessary to abbreviate the discussions considerably and to present them
in the English language only. The reduction of the material may have diminished
some of the spontaneity of the remarks but it has doubtless added to their con
ciseness: no pains have been spared to preserve their original sense.
On behalf of the Sponsors of the Symposium and its Organizing Committee,
I gratefully acknowledge the wholehearted cooperation of the Springer-Verlag
in the production of this volume. As editor, I would also like to recognize with
gratitude the skillful assistance provided by Miss HELENE VAN GELDER, Secre
tariat of the IAF and IAA, in the many details of planning and executing the
Symposium. To Miss IRENE UNANDER-SCHARIN I express my thanks for the dili
gent and unfailing assistance in the laborious task of transcribing tape-recorded
and textual material.
Stockholm, March 1965
H. Bjurstedt
Contents
Opening Remarks. By H. Bjurstedt, R. Maheu, E. A. Brun, and Th. von Karman .. 1
BRJIa}l; CCCP B H3yqeHlIe ROCMHQeCROrO npocTpaHcTBa, H. M. CHCSRHH ••••.••••• 7
English Translation: Contribution of the U. S. S. R. to the Exploration of
Outer Space. By N. M. Sissakisn ...................................... 22
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
WmTE - SISSAKIAN - WALAWSKI - MAYO - ROSE - HALVORSEN.
The Selection of Astronauts Including Dynamic Testing. By W. R. Lovelace II,
U. C. Luft, A. H. Schwichtenberg, T. O. Nevison, R. Proper, E. M. Roth, and
G. S. Woodson. (With 3 Figures) ...................................... 35
Discussion ................................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
SISSAKIAN - LOVELACE - AKULINICHEV - STROM.
Neurophysiological Aspects of Manned Extraterrestrial Space Flight. By
W. K. Stewart .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
AKULINICHEV - STEWART - LUFT.
<l>H3HQeClme YCJIOBHH KOCMHQeCKOrO nOJIeTa H HX 6HOJIOrHQeCRaH xapaKTepHcTHRa,
n.
10. M. BmILlHRHH H II. CSRCOHOB •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • •• 77
English Translation: Physical Conditions of Space Flight and Their Biological
Characteristics. By Y. M. Volynkin and P. P. Ssksonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
GRAUL - GURJIAN - WHITE - KELLOGG.
Tolerance to the Combined Effects of Cold and of Abnormal Atmosphere. By
R. K. Andjus. (With 10 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131
FLICKINGER - ANDJUS - CHERNIGOVSKY - LUFT - MAYO - PACE.
e.
Thermal Homoiostasis Under Hypoxia in Man. By T. P. K. Lim and U. Luft.
(With 9 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 145
PACE - LUFT - ANDJUS.
The Future of Environmental Biology and the Contribution of Space Research.
By O. E. Reynolds. (With 3 Figures) .................................... 146
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152
SISSAKIAN - REYNOLDS.
Heat Loss in Space. By D. McK. Kerslake. (With 7 Figures) ................... 153
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
KELLOGG - McK. KERSLAKE - AKULINICHEV.
Physiological Problems of Weightlessness and Basic Research. By O. H. Gauer.
(With 3 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
PACE - GAUER - HOWARD - GENIN.
VI Contents
Avoiding Physical Atrophy in Protracted Weightlessness. By E. A. MUller.
(With 7 Figures) .................................................... 169
Discussion ....................................................... " 178
MUREN - MULLER.
Observations on Heart Rates and Cardiodynamics During Prolonged Weight.
lessness Simulated by Immer"ion Method. By J. Walawski and Z. Kaleta.
(With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
ANDJUS - WALAWSKI - AKULINICHEV - GAUER.
The Influence of the Dynamic Environment on Man in Space Flight. By E. P. Hiatt.
(With 8 Figures) ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200
WHITE - HIATT - BJURSTEDT - KAEHLER.
Aspects de la mecanique ventilatoire au cours des accelerations transverses. Par
Ch. Jacquemin et P. Varene. (Avec 5 Figures) ............................ 201
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 217
LUFT - JACQUE MIN - VON DIRINGSHOFEN.
BHO~OrHqeCHHe H ~H3HO~OrHqeCHHe Hcc~e~OBaHHH rrpH rro~eTax Ha paHeTax H
HCHYCCTBeHHhlX crrYTHHHax 3eM~H, O. 1'. I'saeHl.O, B. H. qepHHl'OBCRHii H
B. H. Hap;oBcRHii. (3 PHC.) ........................................... 218
English Translation: Biological and Physiological Investigations in Rockets
and Artificial Earth Satellites. By O. G. Gazenko, V. N. Chernigovsky, and
V. I. Yazdovsky. (With 3 Figures) ..................................... 230
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
ROSE - CHERNIGOVSKY - LEMAIRE - LINDBERG - KAEHLER - TOBIAS -
MAYO - WHITE - PACE - HELVEY.
Pap;HOOHO~OrHqeCHHe rrpoo~eMhl HOCMHqeCHHX rro~eTOB, 1'. ~I. (J)paHK, II. II. CaR-
COHOB, B. B. AHTHllOB H H. H. )l;Ot'ipOB ................................. 240
English Translation: Radiobiological Problems of Space Flights. By
G. M. Frank, P. P. Ssksonov, V. V. Antipov, and N. N. Dobrov .............. 254
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
EUGSTER - FRANK - STEWART - LANGHAM - GRAUL.
Biological Hazards of Radiation Applicable to Man in Space. By G. J. Neary and
E. V. Hulse ........................................................ 267
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283
GRAUL - NEARY - LANGHAM - ROSE - FLICKINGER.
HenOTophle rrpHHuHrrhl ~OpMHpOBaHHH HCHYCCTBeHHoil: cpe~hl OOHTaHHH B HaOHHax
HOCMHqeCHHX Hopa6~eil:, A. M.l'eHHH, O.1'. l'aaeHRo H H. II. Cepl'eeB. (1 PHC.) 285
English Translation: Some Principles of the Formation of Artificial Environ
ments in Manned Space Ships. By A. M. Genin, O. G. Gazenko, and N. P. Ser-
geyev. (With 1 Figure) ............................................... 295
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 301
HELVEY - SERGEYEV - PACE.
Quelques details generaux des reactions stressantes. Par M. Moravek ............ 302
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
SISSAKIAN - MORAVEK - DEFAYOLLE - ANGIBOUST.
Evaluation of Stress by Quantitative Hormone Studies. By U. S. v. Euler. (With
4 Figures) ......................................................... 308
Contents VII
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 324
FLICKINGER - VON EULER - SISSAKIAN - KLEIN - TOBIAS - DESMEDT -
GRANDPIERRE - FLORKIN - GAUER - WHITE.
Predicting the Susceptibility to Vestibular Sickness Under Conditions of Weight-
1essness. By A. Graybiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 327
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344
SISSAKIAN - GRAYBIEL.
a
Reactions electriques cerebrales de COUl'tes periodes de non gravite. Par R. Grand
pierre, R. Angiboust, R. Brice, B. Cailler, G. Chatelier et J. Rozier. (Avec
4 Figures) ......................................................... 345
Discussion ......................................................... 351
SISSAKIAN - ANGIBOUST - WHITE - VON BECKH - VON EULER - REYN
OLDS.
IlpooJIeMa B3aHMO/l,eticTBHH aHaJIHSaTOpOB rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO It YCJIOBHHM HOCMH
'leCHoro rrOJIeTa, M. ,[J,. EMe~LllHoB, A. 1'. KyaHe~oB, E. M. IOraHoB II
A. A. I'IOp)l.atHaH ................................................... 352
English Translation: Problems Concerning the Interplay of Physiological
Sensing Mechanisms (Analysers) During Space Flight. By M. D. Yemelyanov,
A. G. Kuznetsov, E. M. Yuganov, and A. A. Gurjian ...................... 359
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 365
GRAYBIEL - GURJIAN - LOVELACE - ROSE.
fIpOOJIeMbI IIHiReHepHoti rrCHXOJIOrIIII nplIMeHIITeJIbHO H YCJIOBHHM HOCMIP-IeC
Horo nOJIeTa, H. T. ARYJIHHH'IeB II B. 1'. ,[J,eHHcoB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 366
Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 376
KONECCI - AKULINICHEV - KELLOGG - STEWA RT - KAEHLER.
Accuracy of Orientation in Space Under Increased Acceleration in the Absence
of Visual Reference Frame. By H. Kolder and G. Schubert. (With 8 Figures) " 378
Discussion ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 394
ROSE - KOLDER - KAEHLER.
Methods for Somatic Classification of Pilots According to Status of Functional
Muscular, Circulatory and Respiratory Capacities, and Possibilities of
Further Development During Training. By G. Strom ..................... 395
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 404
GRAYBIEL - STROM - LUFT.
Monitoring and Prediction of Nervous Functions in Space. By W. R. Adl)Y and
D. D. Flickinger. (With 8 Figures) ..................................... 406
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 424
AKULINICHEV - FLICKINGER - BROIDA.
MeTO/l,b1 H Cpe/l,CTBa Me/l,IIl.\HHCHHX H OHOJIOrH'IeCHIIX HCCJIe/l,OBaHHti B YCJIOBHHX
HOCMH'IeCIWrO nOJIeTa, H. T. ARYJHHH'IeB, P. M. EaeBcRHH H O. 1'. l'aaeHRo.
(6 PHC.) •••••.••.•••.••••.••.•.••..•••..••..•••..••..••.•.•••••••.• 425
EngUsh Tramlation: Means and Methods of Bio-Medical Experiments in
Space Flight. By I. T. Akulinichev, R. M. Bayenki, and O. G. Gazenko.
(With 6 Figures) .................................................... 440
Discussion ....................................................... " 450
MAYO - AKULINICHEV - GAUER - GRAND PIERRE - STEWART - BROIDA -
PACE - KAEHLER - TOBIAS.
Biomedical Data Collection for Space Programs. By S. C. White ................ 452
VIn Contents
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 460
AKULINICHEV - WHITE - FLICKINGER - VON EULER - KELLOGG.
Some Problems of Physiological Monitoring. By P. Howard .................... 463
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 471
BROIDA - HOWARD - AKULINICHEV - CHERNIGOVSKY.
Man or Automaton in Space? By K. Steinbuch. (With 9 Figures) ............... 473
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-01
AKULINICHEV - STEINBUCH - MAYO - ROSE - LACHIN - VON DIRINGR
HOFEN - BROIDA.
Data Sensors and Information Acquisition. By A. M. Mayo, ('. I,. Buddecke, and
G. R. Tenery. (With 10 Figures) ........................................ 493
OPENING REMARKS
Hilding Bjurstedt, President of the Symposium:
The idea of this International Symposium on Basic Environmental Prob
lems of Man in Space came about two years ago from Professor von
Klirm~, President of the International Academy of Astronautics, and
Dr. Malina, permanent representative of the International Astronautical
Federation to Unesco. They soon talked other people into their plans, and
a feeling diffused far and wide that such a symposium would serve to
stimulate educational and scientific activity and progress, to encourage
international cooperation in this particular problem area and to further
advancement of research in the basic aspects of the many problems at
hand. It was then learned with great satisfaction that Unesco became
attracted by the objectives of the symposium, which are in harmony with
theprincipalfeatures of this organisation's program in the naturalscienc
es. Within the proposed budget allocations to various projects for 1961/
62 Unesco decided to assist the International Astronautical Federation in
preparing a Study Group to determine the desirability and feasibility of
holding a symposium on the problems of man in space.
The objectives of the present symposium, as based upon the recom
mendations made by the Study Group during a meeting at Unesco at the
end of November last year, are to discuss problems belonging to three
different subjects, namely ecophysiology, psychophysiology, and the
acquisition, analysis and control of physiological and psychological data.
The preparations for the symposium have required a great expenditure of
time, money and effort on the part of many people, to whom we express
our gratitude. Speaking on behalf of the Organizing Committee, I would
like to pay special tribute to that major part of the total effort that has
been expended by the 31 speakers in the preparation of their papers. From
the tremendous volume of first-class experimental work that is to be
presented during the next five days, it is obvious that the space age is
enlisting the be'st efforts of scientists from all countries and disciplines.
I am certain that the audience will greatly appreciate the opportunity to
attend this distinguished gathering of-experts. It is a pleasure for me
personally to see so many old friends here and a good many new ones.
I would be inclined to regard this symposium as the first truly inter
national conference of basic biological problems connected with flight in
the inner space envelope of the earth. The main target of those scientists
who have come from the U. S. S. R. and the United States to participate in
the conference is unquestionably the moon. Now that orbital flights are
almost commonplace, the first manned landing on the moon will be the
Man in Space I 1
2 Opening Remarks
next cosmic break-through to capture the imagination of the world. Let
us hope that this symposium will serve as a stepping-stone in our com
bined efforts to expand man I s knowledge and to promote international
cooperation and scientific exchange in the fascinating and urgent prob
lem areas of man I s exploration of space and of his existence in space.
I think we all should be grateful that Unesco has made this symposi
um possible by kindly putting its facilities at disposal for our confer
ences during the next five days. Speaking again on behalf of the Organ
izing Committee, I would therefore, in addressing you Monsieur Maheu,
Director General of Unesco, like to express our sincere appreciation to
your organization for contributing so generously. I would also like to
convey our sincere thanks for the cooperation and support given by the
International Atomic Energy Agency and by the World Health Organiza
tion.
Ren~ Maheu, Directeur g~n~ral de 11 Organisation des Nations Unies pour
l' ~ducation, la science et la culture :
Jesuisheureuxdevoussouhaiterla bienvenue ~ la Maison de 1'Unesco.
Et si mes premiers mots, Monsieur Ie Pr~sident, sont pour vous remer
cier des paroles aimables que vous venez de m I adresser l 11 intention de
11 Organisation, je voudrais dire aussi que c I est avec un sentiment de
grande satisfaction que jl accueille, pour ma part, ce symposium qui
rass emble tant d I ~minents savants autour d I un th~me dont 11 ~nonc~ l lui
seul ~voque, par del~ des milMnaires de r~es, des s!~cles de progr~s
et des ann~es de recherches, llune des plus grandes conqu€tes de la
science, qui repousse plus loin que jamais 11 horizon de 11 inaccessible.
Ce que je veux ~galement retenir de cette r~union, autant que 1'im
mense commencement de la nouvelle ~poque qui elle consacre, cl est sa
nature et son caract~re ~minemmentinternationaux. Ce sont en effetdeux
des plus grandes organisations non gouvernementales comp~tentes, la
F~d~ration internationale dl astrologie et l' Acad~mie internationale dl
astronautique, qui l' ont organis~e avec l' aide de l' Unesco et la partici
pation de deux autres organisations intergouvernementales du syst~me
des Nations Unies : 11 Organisation mondiale de la sant~ et 11 Agence
internationale de 11 ~nergie atomique. Nous devons nous en f~iciter -et ,
pour ma part, jly attache une grande signification-mais nous en f~liciter
comme d I un ~tat de choses qui, loin d I €tre une coincidence, est Ie
r~sultat d I un heureux concours de circonstances exceptionnelles qu I il
convient de consid~rer comme la norme de notre civilisation. Car on ne
saurait imaginer que la recherche spatiale puisse se d~velopper sans une
large collaboration technique entre les savants des pays qui y participent.
De m~me il est hors de doute que chaque tentative faite dans ce domaine,
chaque succ~s remport~ et chaque application pratique qui peut en d~couler,
int~ressent n~cessairement 11 ensemble de 11 humanit~. LI exemple de
a
Telstar vient tout naturellement I1 esprit et l' on sait avec quelle ~mo­
tion Ie monde entier a salu~ Ie lancement des premiers satellites puis,
Opening Remarks 3
plus r~cemment, Ie d~part et Ie retour des premiers cosmonautes sovi~­
tiques et am~ricains.
Mais il est un autre point que je voudrais souligner au nom d' une institu
tion intergouvernementale qui a pour mission de d~velopper les ~changes et
les confrontations d ' id~es, de stimuler Ie progr~s intellectuel et Ia recher
che' de consolider Ies conditions n~cessaires au progr~s de Ia connais
sance. Plus que Jamais, peut-~re, Ies circonstances offrent aux or
ganisations du syst~me des Nations Unies, depuis qu' elles existent, Ia
possibiliM et Ies moyens de se proposer comme des facteurs d' entente,
de collaboration et d' ~change entre Ies nations et de contribuer ainsi ~
I'essor d'une civilisation universelle. Or I'un des terrains, et prob
ablement Ie terrain, Ie plus favorable pour une coop~ration intellectuel
Ie internationale est, sans conteste, Ie terrain de Ia science.
Que Ia science, par sa nature autant que par ses consE!quences, s' E!tende
aujourd'hui aux dimensions de I'humanitE!, vous, Messieurs, qui en
apportez tous Ies jours Ia preuve, Ie savez mieux que quiconque. Mais
ce qu' il faut dire et redire ~ ceux qui ne sont pas des savants, c' est que
1a vE!ritE! scientifique E!chappe au conflit des idE!oIogies et que Ia recher
che, sous peine de se nuire h elle-m@'me, appelle un effort concerM de
pens E!e , d' organisation, de rE!alisation, de diffusion enfin, qui ne peut
~re accompli que par Ie moyen d' institutions internationales. C' est par
I' universalitE! et I' objectivitE! de vos travaux, bien plus que par les effets
de vos inventions, par eux-m@'mes ambigus et trop souvent utilisE!s h des
fins discutables, que vous ~es les grands rassembleurs de Ia fraternit~
humaine.
Pour ma part, c' est dans cet esprit que je consid~re Ia rE!union d'
aujourd' hui comme un acte international au sens Ie plus haut et Ie plus
plein du terme. Aussi est-ce de tout coeur que je forme, dans cette
maison du dialogue et de Ia comprE!hension mutuelle, Ies voeux Ies plus
sinc~res pour Ie succ~s de vos travaux.
E. A. Brun, PrE!sident de Ia F~dE!ration Internationale d' Astronautique :
La FE!dE!ration Internationale d' Astronautique tient tout d' abord ~
remercier I' Unesco, I' Agence Internationale de I' Energie Atomique et
I' Organisation Mondiale de 1a SantE!, de leur aide et de leur coop~ration
pour I'E!tablissement de ce symposium qu' elle a organisE! en liaison avec
I' AcadE!mie Internationale d' Astronautique.
Cette participation, h nos travaux, d' Organisations internationales,
qui ont dE!ja tant h faire pour leur propre compte, montre I' importance
qu' ont prises dans Ie monde d' aujourd' hui, Ies E!tudes concernant I'
Espace. C' est que Ies rE!a1isations spatiales rE!centes, en plus de I' inMr~
considE!rabie qu' elles ont sus citE!, ont stimuiE!, d' une mani~re inespE!rE!e,
Ia Recherche scientifique et ont conduit ~ I' am~ioration des techniques
dans de tr~s nombreux domaines.
Enparticulier, en Biologie, discipline qui fait I' objet de ce symposium,
I' Astronautique a provoquE! I' E!tude du comportement de I' ~re humain
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