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NIST Special Publication 840 Proceedings of the 4th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention Systems for Lifeline United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology fhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . . . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . . . and to facilitate rapid commercialization . . . of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. 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NIST Special Publication 840 Proceedings of the 4th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention for Lifeline Systems Held at the Biltmore Hotel Los Angeles, California August 19-21, 1991 Edited by Ronald T. Equchi Dames & Moore United States Publication Coordinator Robert D. Dikkers Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Sponsored by National Science Foundation United States Public Works Research Institute Japan August 1992 U.S. Department of Commerce Barbara Hackman Franklin, Secretary Technology Administration Robert M. White, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology John W. Lyons, Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 840 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 840, 468 pages (Aug. 1992) CODEN: NSPUE2 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1992 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS X SOIL EFFECTS I. Performance of Water Supply Pipelines in Liquified Soil 3 K.A. Porter, C.R. Scawthorn, D.G. Honegger, T.D. O'Rourke, F. Blackburn A Proposal of Practical Earthquake Response Analysis 1 Method of Cylindrical Tunnels in Soft Ground Y. Shiba, S. Okamoto Visual information System for Seismic Ground Hazard 35 Zoning K. Tokida, H. Matsumoto, Y. Sasaki SEISMIC DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: TRANSPORTATION II. Seismic Risk Identification and Prioritization in the 55 CALTRANS Seismic Retrofit Program B. Maroney, J. Gates An Old Bridge Gets a Seismic Facelift 77 G.M. Snyder, C.E. Lindvall, R. P. Lyons Seismic Inspection and Seismic Strengthening of Highway 91 Bridges in Japan K. Kawashima, S. Unjoh, H. lida Recent Advances in Seismic Design and Retrofit of 125 California Bridges J.E. Roberts SEISMIC DESIGN & ANALYSIS: PIPEUNES & TUNNELS, PART ONE IIL Repair and Rehabilitation of Buried Water and 139 Sewer Lifelines LR.L Wang, H. Kennedy iii 9 Investigations on External Force Evaluation in the 155 Seismic Deformation Method N. Takahashi, M. Takeuchi, K. Irokawa Estimation of System Reliability for Lifeline Standards 169 and Example Using the City of Everett, Washington Lifelines D. Ballantyne Dynamic Response of Twin Circular Tunnels during 181 Earthquakes T. Okumura, N. Takewaki, K. Shimizu, K. Fukutake Development of Seismic Design and Construction Standards 193 for Lifelines R. Dikkers SEISMIC DESIGN & ANALYSIS: PIPELINES & TUNNELS. PART TWO IV. Data Base of Pipeline Failures, Loma Prieta Earthquake, 201 October 17. 1989 Lund L. Behavior of Flat Underground Structures during Earthquakes 207 and Seismic Loads Acting on Them S. Mori, T. Ikeda, K. Matsushima, H. Tachibana Seismic Response of Super-Deep Vertical Shaft with 21 Circular Cross-Section N. Ohbo, K. Hayashi, K. Ueno Seismic Design Method of Shield Tunnels with Axial 229 Prestressing by Means of Rubber and PC Bar K. Matsubara, K. Urano Seismic Isolation for Underground Structures 245 K. Ono, S. Shimamura, H. Kasai V. SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS Performance of AWSS and PWSS of San Francisco During 263 and After Loma Prieta Earthquake M.M. Khater, C.R. Scawthorn, T.D. O'Rourke, F. Blackburn iv Seismic Reliability Analyses of Large Scale Lifeline 277 Networks Taking into Account the Failure Probability of the Components T. Sato, K. Toki Earthquake Damage Analysis on Telecommunication Conduits 293 K. Yagi, S. Mataki, N. Suzuki Regional Risk Assessment of Environmental Contamination 307 from Oil Pipelines S.D. Pelmulder, R.T. Eguchi Damage Assessment of Lifeline Systems in Japan 321 M. Hamada VL POST-EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE/DAMAGE DETECTION Data Acquisition and Emergency Response System for 337 City Gas Pipeline Operation During a Major Earthquake ' Y. Yoshikawa Damage Inspection Systems Immediately after an Earthquake 349 K. Kawashima, H. Sugita, K. Kanoh Estimation of Degree of Anxiety Felt by People in 365 Underground Urban Spaces During Earthquakes E. Saito, H. Ikemi, H. Nakano, M. Nakamura Performance of Lifeline and Emergency Response in 381 Watsonville, California to Loma Prieta Earthquake J. Isenberg Strategies for Repair and Restoration of Seismically 391 Damaged Gas Pipeline Systems M. Shinozuka, M. Murata, T. Iwata SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS VII. Lifeline Earthquake Hazard Zonation in Socio-economic 409 Aspects E. Kuribayashi Organizational Features of U.S. Lifeline Systems and 423 their Relevance for Disaster Management K.J. Tierney V A Methodology for Assessing the Risk of Hazardous Materials Release Following Earthquakes - A Demonstration Study for the Los Angeles Area H.A. Seligson, R.T. Eguchi, K.J. Tierney WORKSHOP RESOLUTION APPENDICES Workshop Program Workshop Participants Photos vi FOREWORD The future of lifeline earthquake engineering depends, in large part, upon our ability to develop and communicate newconcepts and ideas for design, construction, operation, and post-event restoration of lifelines. For the past several decades, the governments of Japan and the United States have shared the belief that the exchange of information and resources is integral in improving the seismic performance of lifeline systems in both countries. Both countries have supported opportunities to meet in technical meetings to discuss the development of technologies to mitigate seismic effects on lifeline systems. One ongoing activity has been to meet under the auspices of the U.S.-Japan Natural Resources (UJNR) program. To date, there have been three previous workshops organized by the Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects of the UJNR program with specific focus on the seismic performance of lifelines: U.S.-Japan Workshop on Lifeline Systems, Washington, D.C, 1984 Second U.S.-Japan Workshop on Seismic Behavior of Buried Pipelines and Telecommuncation Systems, Tsukuba, Japan. 1984 Third U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention for Lifeline Systems, Tsukuba, Japan, 1989 The following proceedings document the results of the Fourth U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention for Lifeline Systems. This workshop was jointly sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States, and by the Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) of Japan. Additional financial support for this workshop was provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The workshop was held at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California, between August 19-21, 1991, and was organized by Task Committee F, "Disaster Prevention Methods for Lifeline Systems," UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. Mr. Ronald T. Eguchi of Dames & Moore, Mr. Robert Dikkers of NIST, Professor Henry Lagorio and Dr. S.C. Liu of NSF, and Drs. Y. Sasaki and K. Kawashima of PWRI led the organization of this workshop. vii The theme of this workshop focused on "Future Directions for Research, Application and Design of Lifeline Systems." Developing this theme required an examination of past research activities, an assessment of current research efforts, and recommendations for future directions for seismic vulnerability assessment and design, and emergency response and planning. It is intended that collectively, these papers will provide the basis for establishing priorities for future joint activities between both countries. In this workshop, a broad range of technical topics were discussed. These included: Effects of Soils on Lifeline Components; Seismic Design and Retrofit of Lifeline Facilities; Dynamic Response and Analysis of Lifeline Facilities; Repair and Rehabilitation of Lifeline Systems; System Reliability Methods for Lifeline Systems; Post-Earthquake Damage Detection Procedures; Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Lifeline System Failures; Emergency and Disaster Response Management of Lifeline Systems. In total, thirty papers were presented in the two days of plenary sessions; 16 papers from Japan and 14 papers from the U.S. In addition, the workshop was highlighted by: Active Question and Answer periods after each session; A full-day field trip to the Ralph's Grocery Company Automated Warehouse Distribution Center, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's Joseph Jensen Filtration Plant and several CALTRAN's facilities; and Resolutions fully supported bythe participants ofboth countries that identify future research priorities and cooperative activities between the two countries. viii