Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Marco Casini Editor Proceedings of the 2nd International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference CEAC 2022, 11–14 March 2022, Singapore Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Volume 279 Series Editors Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece SanjayKumarShukla,SchoolofEngineering,EdithCowanUniversity,Joondalup, WA, Australia Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia LectureNotesin Civil Engineering (LNCE) publishes thelatest developmentsin CivilEngineering-quickly,informallyandintopquality.Thoughoriginalresearch reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNCE, edited volumes of exceptionally high quality and interest may also be considered for publication. 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More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/15087 Marco Casini Editor Proceedings of the 2nd International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference – CEAC 2022, 11 14 March 2022, Singapore 123 Editor MarcoCasini Department ofUrban Planning, Design andTechnology of Architecture(DPTA) Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic) Lecture Notesin CivilEngineering ISBN978-981-19-4292-1 ISBN978-981-19-4293-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4293-8 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense toSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface 2022 2nd International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference (CEAC 2022) was held online during March 11–14, 2022. Due to the evolving public health concerns and travel advisories issued for the avoidance of non-essential travel in view of COVID-19, the conference CEAC 2022 has been held virtually with about 90 guests hosted on Zoom video conference platform. It was a fully synchronized onlineconference that hadlive presentations, participants with Q&A sessionsandotherliveeventsassociatedwiththeconference.TheLectureNotesin Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2366-2557) was selected for publishing the conference proceedings. Theconferencewasorganizedin13sessions,with4plenary,15invitedand72 specialized papers presented. Scientists, researchers and engineers from China, Indonesia, Thailand, Germany, Japan and many other countries took part in the scientificforum.Eachplenaryspeechlastedfor40minutes,including5minutesfor Q&A,invitedspeechlastedfor25minutes,including5minutesforQ&A,whilefor othersessions,eachofthepresentationslasted15minutes,including2minutesfor Q&A.Theinteractionsessionwasrealexperiencetotheparticipants,andtheyhad good exposure with foreign researchers, students and other delegates. The objective of CEAC was to provide a platform for engineers, scientists and industrial partners to discuss and disseminate and share their recent research find- ingsinwideaspectsoftheoretical,experimentalandpracticalcivilengineeringand architecture fields. Professionals, experts and scholars from various engineering disciplines were invited to share experiences, innovations, achievements and knowledge. The conference brought together academics, researchers and practi- tioners with the aim of bridging the gap between theory and practice in all civil engineering aspects. All papers in this proceeding were subject to peer-review by the conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers were selected for the proceedings based on quality and relevance to the conference. We would like to record our great appreciation and acknowledgement to all parties who supported CEAC 2022. The individual and institutional help was pivotalforthesuccessoftheconference.Inparticular,theorganizingcommitteeto thankthosewhoofferedtheirvaluableadviceandinthepeerreviewofpapers.We v vi Preface sincerely hope that CEAC 2022 has been an outstanding discussion forum and a space for new ideas and the promotion of collaborative research. We are confident that the proceedings will serve as an essential reference source for scientific, engineering progress, and future products and processes. C. W. Lim Conference Chair Organization Conference Chairs Tan Kiang Hwee National University of Singapore, Singapore C. W. Lim City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Program Chairs Kyoung Sun Moon Yale University, USA Minehiro Nishiyama Kyoto University, Japan Ippei Maruyama Nagoya University & The University of Tokyo, Japan Marco Casini Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Program Chairs Mingfeng Huang Zhejiang University, China Han Lin Nanjing Audit University, China Steering Committee Chair Nuno Dinis Cortiços University of Lisbon, Portugal Publicity Committees Grit Ngowtanasuwan Mahasarakham University, Thailand Duy Nguyen Phan Mientrung University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam Yi Shen Tongji University, China Koorosh Gharehbaghi RMIT University, Australia Zujian Huang Tsinghua University, China vii viii Organization International Technical Committees Ludovic Jason Université Paris Saclay, France Luigi Coppola University of Bergamo, Italy Zbyšek Pavlík Czech Technical University, Czech Republic Liang Xu Beijing Gang Yan Diamond Products Company, China Mitsuyoshi Akiyama Waseda University, Japan Wei Gao Beijing Jiaotong University, China Sang Whan Han Hanyang University, South Korea Yanjun Xu Advanced Technology & Materials Co., China Leonardo Castillo Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Perú Tianyun Li Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Sissi Santos Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Perú Congqi Fang Shanghai Normal University, China & Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Shaoyao He Hunan University, Changsha, China Yibo Liu Beijing Gang Yan Diamond Products Company, China Abeer Samy Yousef Effat University, Saudi Arabia & Tanta Mohamed University, Egypt Ke Yin Chongqing University, China Jamal A. Abdalla University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Linchang Miao Southeast University, China Benchen Fu Shenzhen University, China Radhi Alzubaidi University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Wen Cheng Harbin Institute of Technology, China Ahmed Farouk Deifalla Future University in Egypt, Egypt Jian Wang University of Science and Technology of China, China S. J. Pawar Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India Xiang Zhu Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Wenxue Gao Beijing University of Technology, China J. Jeyanthi Government College of Technology, India Shanshan Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology, China Jinhua Sun University of Science and Technology of China, China Hage Chehade Fadi Lebanese University, Lebanon Jiangtao Yi Chongqing University, China Lingling Zhuang Shenyang Jianzhu University, China Daniel Macek CTU in Prague, Czech Republic Tong Yang Xi’an Polytechnic University, China Organization ix Toshiaki Sato Kyushu University, Japan Yanfen Zhang Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology, China Karina Vilela UniversidadPeruanadeCienciasAplicadas,Perú Di Wang Taihu University of Wuxi, China Rini Kusumawardani Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Yong Jiang Tsinghua University, China Sarunya Promkotra Khon Kaen University, Thailand Guozhu Zhang Southeast University, China Yaik Wah Lim Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Waleed Zeiada University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Mei Zhao Beijing Institute of Technology, China Ghanshyam Pal Shiv Nadar University, India Mohammad Arif Kamal Aligarh Muslim University, India Ying Xu Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, China Zihni Turkan Near East University, Cyprus Mohammad Arif Rohman ITS, Indonesia Anizahyati Alisibramulisi Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Xin Sun Xi’an University of Technology, China Tamilsalvi Mari Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Malaysia Try Ramadhan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia Edoghogho Ogbeifun University of Johannesburg, South Africa Kornkamon Tantiwanit Thammasat University, Thailand Boya Jiang Nanjing Tech University, China Pimonmart Wankanapon Thammasat University, Thailand Anjali Pathak BirlaInstituteofTechnologyMesraRanchi,India Wei Jia Tsinghua University, China Shadi Shaikh Yasin American University of the Middle East, Kuwait Pratch Piyawongwisal Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Thailand Yanxuan Ma Qingdao University of Technology, China Satawat Doungpan Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand Sopokhem Lim Waseda University, Japan Guo Yacheng Qingdao University of Technology, China Taki Eddine Seghier UCSI University, Malaysia Peng Tu Southwest Jiaotong University, China Christian Paglia University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland Fernando Pachego Torgal University of Minho, Portugal Francesca Scalisi DEMETRA Ce.Ri.Med. (Euro-Mediterranean Documentation and Research Center, Italy