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Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ‘ae NRCS Ces Proceedings of The Second Eastern Native Grass Symposium November 17th to 19th, 1999 Baltimore, Maryland Hosted by - Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS Plant Materials Program Agricultural Materials Research Service National Association fesse Plant Solutions for Conservation Needs ; of Conservation United States Department of Agriculture A National Agricultural Library PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EASTERN NATIVE GRASS SYMPOSIUM HELD IN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND NOVEMBER 17-19, 1999 wy oP" TECHNICAL EDITS BY YD? Dow a6 JERRY C. RITCHIE se? JOHN A. DICKERSON oe CAROLE A. RITCHIE EDITS AND FRONT COVER DESIGN BY LINA UNDAYAG HOSTED BY USDA NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA NRCS PLANT MATERIALS PROGRAM USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE Beltsville, Maryland May 2000 Proceedings of the 2"" Eastern Native Grass Symposium, Baltimore, MD November 1999 Preface The Second Eastern Native Grass Symposium was held in Baltimore, MD during November, 1999. The Symposium provided 70 presentations, comprised of invited and volunteer oral presentations and poster papers. Presented here are the written papers or abstracts of the papers presented. Native grass use is expanding as rapidly as the seed and plant supplies of eastern sources will allow. The recent demand for materials is being driven by both a desire to utilize native plants to meet resource conservation objectives, and additional discovery of valuable functions which native grasses bring to discreet habitats and the environment in general. Native grasses bring a host of valuable traits to the conservation effort. Relatively unknown, under-appreciated, under- researched, and therefore under-used, native grasses will play a powerful role in environmental improvement as use technology is developed and institutionalized. lt was the goal of the co-chairs and the program committee to organize the Symposium to be as all encompassing of native grass interests as 2% days would permit. The decision to publish the technical Proceedings was a response to the view of participants that the presented technology will be indeed very valuable to their diverse activities. We also feel that it will be valuable to extend the information to those who could not attend the Symposium. The Symposium received tangible support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Agricultural Research Service, both of USDA. Ernst Conservation Seeds, Inc. also generously supported the Symposium. The National Association of Conservation Districts, Conference Services was extremely helpful in planning and providing registration support at the conference. This Proceedings documents a baseline of knowledge, and an overview of action regarding native grass use as we begin a new century. The use of native grasses and grasslands will increase in scale and sophistication. It was our pleasure to assemble this record from the Symposium and we would like to thank the authors for their support. Jerry C. Ritchie, ARS John Dickerson, NRCS Gwen C. Meyer, NRCS For additional information on Eastern Native Grasses, or for an electronic copy of this publication, please visit our web sire at: "http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/PMC/eng/eng.htmI" This publication should be cited as: Ritchie, J.C., J.A. Dickerson, and C.A. Ritchie (eds.). 2000. Proc. Second Eastern Native Grass Symposium: Baltimore, MD November 17-19, 1999. Published by USDA-Agricultural Research Service, and USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Beltsville, MD. 370 p. Published as Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology Lab, Occasional Paper #2000-1 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political belief, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. To file a complaint of discrimination, write the USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14” and Independence Avenues, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. -ii- Proceedings of the 2" Eastern Native Grass Symposium, Baltimore, MD November 1999 Mw OFR 2D HM OM SD 8K Om LD ws ears 4 WM Ory RAO We Om DD 2694 Ors 40 mM, O Cy wa, ‘i SPSeUnAGt ROSN BWOE TS eees SYsiE T SN,SxS C S E<pKe 8e e SeFeLRS ONe TAeIT NNeSeS EPSCA OTRRTON L SS LDs.: 2 SNSPsI SPE EB PNOe eNoS aSrr dBeoe sIB eSeE BNApe eK t gEThTEe eB HEe S EAeNCh N T ipEeJnmS o nsSe Iv PP2 oSe AOE E BiSe (.eni x 7 DEDICATION Dr. Ronald S. Schnabel The Symposium Proceedings are dedicated in the memory of Dr. Ronald S. Schnabel, who was a Soil Scientist for the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management and Research Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania. Ronald R. Schnabel’s areas of expertise included adsorption-desorption kinetics, N transformation processes and field measurement methodology. His research interests included impacts of riparian ecosystems on quality of agricultural drainage, and effect of near-stream management on nutrient export from the watershed. eS Mm Ce i : - B2 s Szi ee 2. MO AEST RPRe Oa ywe aPDA TTY ryea rn OSA , eeoN S% e va FON SopOhC eA nee GS, otcha!e IErPnss 5ok PNeSRset EeaS pETnetTtaecS er SOSR EeS RNTeI N Ta SeT Decka!ww Ne eBtSrE ASCLeO N ApYeRS n ItSE i reoY MIEE OOOS N ASGSRG IEOPoE SPPEEoTTsIE tyEG EGTct te AeF”N EMO eNTIS ROySNe Ti SgHT O Rtr PMIrAP GeE,t aLCyE SE IcSeRSei yMI S ee aEOtNN AGLSYY ted,S e Proceedings of the 2"" Eastern Native Grass Symposium, Baltimore, MD November 1999 Table of Contents Author(s) Page Title Horn, F. Agricultural Research Service Activities Pertinent to the Eastern Native Grass Symposium Teels, B.M. Native Grass Technology: A Brief History, Its Spin-Offs and Refinements and Where It May Be Headed in the East Frost, C. 10 Native Grasses and Grasslands i in the Presettlement Landscape of Eastern North America — wine ae “a Poole, W.R. Seed Production: How Much of What, By Whom? Panciera, M. 14 Native Grass Establishment: Pitfalls and Potentials Carroll, D. and F. Knowlton 25 Native Grass Management Frye, C.T. 26 Non-Native Genotypes and Outbreeding Depression in Plants: Theoretical and Empirical Issues Steele, O. 44 Native Grasslands and Their Wildlife Value in Southern Ontario Landscapes Schnabel, R.R. 46 Improving Water Quality Using Native Grasses _ bibol No Walh rphea he BE ie eS eee aor eens eea iai . 55 Landscape and Design Issues With Natives 57 Bowen, B. Ecosystem Restoration May Prairie State Natural Area Taylor, R.W. 58 Native Warm-Season Perennial Grasses: The Unrealized Potential aa saa Forage Crop — Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels and L.A. Vorobik 90 A Grass Manual for North America 91 Beeler, J. Cades Cove Meadow and Wetland Restoration 94 Burgdorf, D., P. Koch and T. Bush Sweetgrass Propagation Project Burns, J.C.andD.S.Fisher 95 Forage Potential of Switchgrass and Eastern Gamagrass in the Eastern Piedmont Bush, T. 103 Revegetating SlagR efuse Areas with Native Warm Season Grasses © Calabria, J. _ Applied Native Grass Restoration Projects in Western North Carolina Douglas, J.L., S.D. Edwards and D.J. Lang Estimating Digestibility ii n Eastern Gamagrass Douglas, J.L., J.M. Grabowski and B.C. Keith A Comparison of Seed Cleaning Techniques for Improving Quality of Eastern Gamagrass Seed Edwards, S., J. Douglas and H. Bloodworth 121 Clipping Effecto n. Yield and Quality of Eastern Gamagrass, _Switchgrass, and Bermudagrass ~ Englert, J. . ei27- New and Upcoming Native Grass Releases from the Eastern US Plant Materials Centers Ernst, C.L. 135 ls Growing Native Seeds for Me? The Who, What, When, Where and Why Fairbairn, C.A.,G.A. Jung, and L.D. Hoffman 136 Extending The Grazing Season In Southeast Pennsylvania -iv- Proceedings of the 2° Eastern Native Grass Symposium, Baltimore, MD November 1999 Gifford, N.A. 139 Albany Pine Bush Native Plant Restoration Project: Attractive Alternatives Help Protect aé 1 Rare Ecosystem ~ Glennon, R. 140 Transfer Of Technology On Native Grasses Glennon, R. 144 NRCS National Practice Standard for Vegetative Barriers Grabowski, J.M. 142 Wildflower Seed Production at the Jamie L.W hitten Plant Materials Center - Grabowski, J.M. and J.L. Douglas _ 148 Treatments to Overcome Dormancy of Eastern Gamagrass Seed HensJ.Fo., Dn. P,yke , R.E. RiggK.i Ticnknosr,, J. R. Patterson, and P.H. Smith 158 Selecting Native Plants Using Vegspec: A Web-Based System Huff, D.R., A.J. Palazzo, M. van der Grinten, and T. Lent 162 DNA Marker Variation Within and Among Populations Of Native and Commercial Little Bluestem -Karrfalt, R.P. 163 Extraction and Germination Ecology of Twelve Native Grasses from Western North Carolina. Kiniry, J.R., H. Sanchez, J. Greenwade, E. Seidensticker, J.R. Bell, F. Pringle, G. Peacock Jr., and J. Rives 167 Simulating Biomass/Forage Production of Eastern Gamagrass, Switchgrass, and Other Warm Season Grasses Kiniry, J.R., C.R. Tischler, and G.A. Van Esbroeck 173 Leaf Area Production, Biomass Production, and Biomass Partitioning for Eastern Gamagrass, Alamo Switchgrass, and Two Other C4 Grasses Krizek, D.T., M.J. Camp, S.R. Maxon, G.C. Meyer, J.C. Ritchie, K.M. Davis, and M.L. McCloud 182 Comparative Germination of 1998 and 1999 Lots of Germtec 1I'/™ Treated Eastern Gamagrass Seed After 28 Days in the Greenhouse and Laboratory Krohn, A. 194 Cool Season Natives Common to Southeastern Riparian Areas Kwong, O. 198 Plant Conservation Alliance” ee REO Sh ar 200 Army Training Lands- The Native Perspective ~ 204 Masters, R.A., D.D. Beran, F. Rivas-Pantoja, and R.E. Gaussoin Developing Integrated Weed Management Strategies to Restore Great Plains Grasslands ~ Matthews, C. and J.F. Matthews _ 208 Piedmont Prairie Restoration in the Charlotte, NC Area McLaughlin, S.B. and M.E. Walsh 209 Developing and Evaluating Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop Meyer, G.C., N.C. Melvin Ill, T.R. Turner and H.J. Swartz 212 Native Warm-Season Grass Establishment as Affected by Weed Control in the Maryland Coastal Plain Miller, C.F. and J.A. Dickerson The Use of Native Warm Season Grasses for Critical Area Stabilization Morris, D.P. 20 Surface Mining Reclamation Revegetation Guide Morrison, D. 230 Grasses and Other Native Plants in Designed and Managed Landscapes Owens, L.B. and D.L. Hothem 231 Carbon Stored i in Soils under Eastern Grasslands ~ Palazzo, A.J., T. Cary, and T. Lent — 235 Rehabilitation of Sandy Soils with Native Species in the Northeast United States Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, P.R. Peterson, and W.L. Daniels 236 Managing Switchgrass as Biofuels Feedstock Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, P.R. Peterson, and W.L. Daniels 237 Successful Establishment and Management of Switchgrass Proceedings of the 2"? Eastern Native Grass Symposium, Baltimore, MD November 1999 Perry, M.C., P.C. Osenton, G.A. Gough, Edward, and J.R. Lohnes 244 Establishment of Warm-season Grasses With and Without the Use of Compost Soil Amendments 249 Perry, M.C., and A.S. Deller Effect of Two Long-term Mowing Regimes on Vegetation Peterson, P.R., S.J. Hutton, A.O. Abaye, D.D. Wolf, and G.B. Benson 253 Eastern Gamagrass Responses to Defoliation Management Pfaff, S. and M.A. Gonter 259 Direct Seeding native Species on Reclaimed Phosphate-Mined Lands - 268 Pollard, L. Increasing Establishment Success of Native Grasses— M atching the Techniques with the Equipment | 269 Reeves, J.B. Ill, D.T. Krizek, C.D. Foy, and J.C. Ritchie Comparative Biomass, Composition, and Forage Quality of Greenhouse-grown Gamagrass Plants Differing in Age, Stage of Development, and Drought Tolerance Rhoden, E.G., J.C. Ritchie, D.T. Krizek and C.D. Foy 270 Vegetative Propagation of Eastern Gamagrass: Effects of root pruning and growth media Rhoden, E.G., J.B. Reeves, Ill, J.C. Ritchie, and D.T. Krizek and C.D. Foy 276 Influence of Root Removal on Regrowth and Forage Quality of Greenhouse- Grown Eastern Gamagrass Ritchie, J.C., W.D. Kemper, JM. Englert and D.T. Krizek. 283 Grass Hedges for Erosion Control) eRe tae 290 Salon, P.R. and C.L. Dewald Eastern Gamagrass Breeding in New York and Oklahoma Salon, P.R. and D.J.R. Cherney | 298 Eastern Gamagrass Forage Quality as Influenced by Harvest Management Salon, P.R. and M. van der Grinten 305 Eastern Gamagrass Response to Accent (nicosulfuron), Basis (rimsulfuron), and Plateau (imazapic) Herbicides in Comparison to a Few Common Corn Herbicides Salon, P.R. and E.D. Earle 311 Chromosome Doubling and Mode of Reproduction of Induced Tetraploids of Eastern Gamagrass _ +o Sanders, S. and USDA NRCS Florida Plant Materials Center Staff Beach Dune and Critical Area Stabilization with Native Plants Seamon, G.S., M.J. Hattenbach, A. Cox, and D.R. Gordon 313 Development ofD irect Seeding Techniques to Restore Native Groundcover ina Sandhill Ecosystem Staver, K.W. Production and Nutrient Uptake by Native Warm-Season Grasses Swartz, H.J., G. Meyer, J. Kujawski, N. Melvin, J. Englert, C. Miller, B. Skaradek, and V.Hopkins =” 318 Mid Atlantic Region Grass Collections Efforts at the University of Maryland in Support of the NRCS-PMCs Tischler, C.R., J.D. Derner, and W.R. Ocumpaugh 322 Improving Seedling Establishment by Modifying Seedling Photomorphogenic Characteristics of Warm-Season Grasses Tyndall, R.W. Restoration of an Indigenous Serpentine Grassland and Oak Savanna Ecosystem in Maryland — van der Grinten, M. and L.L. Gregory Vegetated Erosion Control Mats for Site Stabilization van der Grinten, M., J.H.ConneryL.L.GregoryandJ. Dickerson §. | Native Plants For National Parks WashburniE SP TT Re Converting Tall Fescue Grasslands to Native Warm-Season Grasses ApeandiA eee ee ee eee ae Alphabetic List of Common Names of Plants occ sunsnmsnnnniununninssnnnnnanenn Appendix B ~ 346 Alphabetic List of Scientific Names of Plants Appendix C 350 List of Attendees Appendix D 360 Program Committee -vi-