Proceedings af the 1979 Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Contractors' Review Meeting

492 Pages·2005·7.85 MB·English

U.$= CIPAUTtWMT OF ENEROY
DK*iibn df Energy Storage Systems
CoorcHnqted by ttie PacMIc Northwest
Laboratory for the AnMaht Secretary for
Conservation and Solar Energy
Proceedings af the 1979
Mechanical and Magnetic
Energy Storage Contractors'
Review Meeting
August 1979
Washington, D.C.
Published December 1979
fliSTRlBUTlOK OF THIS OQCUMtKT IS UNLUHTGl
Dist. Category UC-94b
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Division of Energy Storage Systems
Washington, D.C. 2O545
Coordinated by the Pacific Northwest
Laboratory for the Assistant Secretary for
Conservation and Solar Energy
Proceedings of the 1979
Mechanical and Magnetic
Energy Storage Contractors'
Review Meeting
August 1979
Washington, D.C.
jf ine United Stales Govern™
Published December 1979 Ni!i«i« iho United Slates G liabil. v of Iheir employe". '™k(;s
comp'olents';. c usefulne product y snee;ti
recommendalion. cr favoring by the United
i ocinions of authors expreswd herein do no!
DISTRIBUTION Of THIS DOCUMENT IS UHUWTJl
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Papers are grouped by session in the order they were presented at the conference.
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE
F.R. Fickett and A.F. Clark, National Bureau of Standards, "Standards for
Superconductor" 3
R.I. Schermer, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, "The Stabilization Unit
for Bonneville Power Administration" 9
John R. Purcell, General Atomic Company, "Designing the Magnet for the
Bonneville Power Administration" 21
J.D. Rogers, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, "1-GWh Diurnal Load-Leveling
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System Reference Design" 27
S.W. Van Sciver and R.W. Boom, University of Wisconsin, "Component Development
of Large Magnetic Storage Units" 47
J.J. Skiles and J.B. Prince, Jr., Energy Research Center and University of
Wisconsin, "Electrical Engineering Considerations for Diurnal Superconducting
Storage Devices" 59
Bette Winer, Arthur D. Little, Inc., "An Evaluation of Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage" 68
O.K. Mawardi, H. Nara, and M. Grabnic, Case Western Reserve University,
"A Force Balanced Magnetic Energy Storage System" 81
Carl H. Rosner, Intermagnetics General Corporation, "Energy Storage in
Superconductive Magnets: A Demonstration" 91
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE
W.'1' Luscotoff, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "Compressed Air Energy Storage
Program Overview" 99
Paul F. Gnirk, Terje Brandshaug, Gary D. Callahan, Joe L. Ratigan,
RE/SPEC Inc., "Numerical Studies of Compensated CAES Caverns in Hard Rock" ... 105
A.F. Fossura, RE/SPEC Inc., "Laboratory Testing of Hard Rock Specimens for
Compensated CAES Caverns" 119
J.A. Stottlemyre, R.L. Erikson, and R.P. Smith, Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, "Permeability and Friability Alterations in Quartoze Sand-
stones Exposed to Elevated Temperature Humidified Air" 129
L.E. Wiles, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "Two-dimensional Fluid and
Thermal Analysi s of Dry Porous Rock Reservoi rs for CAES" 139
J.D. Blacic, P.H. Halleck, P. D'Onfro, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,
"Thermo-nechanical Properties of Galesvilie Sandstone" 149
J.R. Friley, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "Structural Response of a
Generic Porous Site" 157
Compressed Air Energy Storage (cont.)
R.L. Thorns, Louisiana State University, "Laboratory Studies of Salt Response
to CAES Conditions" 167
T.J. Doherty, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "Complementary and Potential
CAES Field Studies" 175
R.T. Allemann and M.K. Drost, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "Advanced
Concept Studies" 183
S.C. Schulte, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, "The Economics of Thermal
Energy Storage for Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems" 191
Albert J. Giramonti, United Technologies Research Center, "Preliminary
Evaluation of Coal-fired Fluid Bed Combustion-augmented Compressed Air
Energy Storage Power Plants" 199
UNDERGROUND PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE
John Degnan, Allis-Chalmers Corporation, "Comparison of Single, Double and
Multistage Pump/Turbine Equipment for Underground Pumped Storage Service 217
S.W. Tarn, A.A. Frigo and C.A. Blomquist, Argonne National Laboratory,
"Turbomachinery Considerations for Underground Pumped Hydroelectric
Storage Plants (UPHS)" 229
Alexander Gokham, Nail Ozboya, EDS Nuclear Inc., "Assessment of the
Application Potential of the Pumps With Controlled Flow Rate for
Energy Storage" 247
SOLAR MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE
H.M. Dodd, B.C. Caskey, and H.E. Schildnecht, Sandia Laboratories,
"Mechanical Energy Storage for Photovoltaic/Wind Project" 265
Francis C. Younger, William M. Brobeck and Associates, "Flywheel
Energy Storage System Concept for a Residential Photovoltaic Supply" 273
Theodore W. Place, AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California,
"Residential Flywheel with Wind Turbine Supply" 287
Arthur J. Mansure, The BDM Corporation, "Feasibility Study of a Small
Pumped Aquifer Storage System for Solar and Wind Energy" 295
L.B. McEwen and J.W. Swain, Jalar Associates, "Industrial Compressed
Air Applications for Solar Energy Conversion/Storage Devices" 303
Harold E. Schildknecht, Sandia Laboratories, "An Overview of Contracts
with Colleges and Universities for Advanced Flywheel Concepts" 309
Alan R. Millner, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, "A Flywheel Energy Storage
and Conversion System for Photovoltaic Applications" 319
n
FLYWHEELS
Thomas M. Barlow, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "Mechanical Energy Storage
Technology Project: Project Summary" 329
R.O. Woods, Sandia Laboratories, "Sandia Activities Overview" 331
Charles W. Bert, University of Oklahoma, "Rotor Dynamics: Dynamics of
Rim-type Flywheels Supported by Flexible Bands" 339
A. Keith Miller, Sandia Laboratories, "Recent Spin Tests of Two Composite
Wagon Wheel Flywheels" 347
A.R. Nord, Sandia Laboratories, "Modal Determination—Composite Flywheels" 357
J.A. Rinde and Ed Wu, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "LLL Materials Program
for Fiber-composite Flywheels" 363
David L. Satchwell, AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California, "High-
energy-density Flywheel" 375
Satish U. Kulkarni, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "Composite-laminate
Flywheel-rotor Development Program" 387
R.P. Nimmer, General Electric Company, "Laminated Flywheel Disc with
Filament Wound Outer Ring" 399
David W. Rabenhorst, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins
University, "Demonstration of a Low Cost Flywheel in an Energy Storage
System" 407
R.S. Steele, Union Carbide Corporation, "Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation
Laboratory" 415
C.J. Heise, L.I. Amstutz, U.S. Army MERADCOM, "Army Flywheel Program" 423
Douglas L. Kerr, General Electric Company, "Application of Inertia
Welding Technology to Steel Disc-type Flywheels" 431
Norman H. Beachley and Andrew A. Frank, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
"Mechanical Continuously-variable Transmission Designs for Flywheel
Energy-storage Automobiles" 439
William T. Crothers, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "Vehicular Applications
of Mechanical Energy Storage—FY79" 44g
L.O. Huppie, Eaton Corporation, "Regenerative Braking through Elastomeric
Energy Storage" 457
Arthur E. Raynard, AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California,
"Electric/Flywheel Powered Postal Vehicle Development Program" 465
E.L. Lustenader, I.H. Edelfelt, D.W. Jones, A.B. Plunkett, E. Richter, and
F.G. Turnbull, General Electric Company, "Regenerative Flywheel Energy
Storage System" 479
iii
Flywheels (cont.)
Leo V. Norrup, AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California, "LLL/AiResearch
Advanced Energy Storage Unit Development Program" 487
Andrew A. Frank and Norman H. Beachley, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
"Comparison of Alternative Heat Engines for Flywheel Mechanical Transmission
Automobiles" 501
APPENDICES
List :f Speakers and Session Chairmen 513
List of Attendees 517
iv
SESSION 1: SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE
PROJECT SUMMARY
Project Title: "Development of Standards for Superconducting
Materials and Superconductors"
Principal Investigators: A. F. Clark and F. R. Fickett
Organization: National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, CO 80303
[phone], X3253
Project Goals: The superconductor standards program is a
cooperative effort funded by: NBS and four
division of DOE (Energy Storage, Fusion Energy,
High Energy Physics, and Hagnetohydrodynamics
through the Francis Bitter National Magnet
Laboratory). The goal of the program is to
arrive at a set of voluntary standards for
modern practical superconductors that will be
acceptable to both manufacturers and users.
The need for such a set of standards increases
as more and more large superconducting magnet
systems are designed and constructed. The
primary areas in which standards are now being
developed are: critical current, critical
temperature, critical field, and physical and
mechanical properties of conductors.
Project Status: Four papers presenting interim definitions for
superconducting parameters have been completed.
Three have been published.
An ASTM subcommittee on superconductors has
been formed and task groups appointed.
A national survey of measurement techniques has
been made.
Extensive studies have been made of the effect
on results of various practices in common
methods of measuring critical current.
A comparison of three techniques for measuring
critical temperature (calorimetric, suscep-
tibility and resistive) has been made.
Contract Number: 02-79-ET-26603.000
Contract Period: FY'79
Funding Level: $185K
Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy
STANDARDS FOR SUPERCONDUCTORS
F. R. Fickett and A. F. Clark
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado 80303
ABSTRACT
This report describes the present state of the superconductor standards program and in-
cludes a brief historical introduction. The need for standards in this area is described with
particular attention paid to the need for consensus among all interested parties and our tech-
niques for achieving it. Early results from the experimental research projects are presented
and the scope of the entire program is outlined.
INTRODUCTION
The superconductor standards program is a cooperative effort funded by: NBS, four divi-
sions of DOE (Energy Storage, Fusion Energy, High Energy Physics, and Magnetohydrodynamics
through the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory), and the Air Force Aeropropulsion Lab-
oratory. The goal of the program is to arrive at a set of voluntary standards for modern prac-
tical superconductors that will be acceptable to both manufacturers and users. The need for
such a set of standards increases as more and more large superconducting magnet systems are
designed and constructed.
The basis for the program was set several years ago at meetings called by NBS at The ASM
Conference on the Manufacture of Superconducting Materials and the Applied Superconductivity
Conference, 1976. The manufacturers, users, and researchers present all made extensive sugges-
tions as to how the work should proceed. In the years that followed a small program was ini-
tiated, with NBS funding, to make a more formal survey of the needs and desires of the research
community. From this study and several related meetings, the following conclusions were drawn:
For all concerned, standards were both necessary and desirable.
The small size and financial position of the wire manufacturing industry i
(and Its competitive nature) precluded industrial developments of standards in a
reasonable period of time.
The NBS Cryogenics Division (now Thermophysical Properties Division) was an "unbiased
third party" with the charter, the desire, and the expertise to carry out a supercon-
ductor standards program of a sufficient size that significant progress could be made
In a time span of several years.
The problem, as always, was funding.
Fortunately, there appeared to be agreement with our conclusions among a variety of agen-
cies, and cooperative funding of the program as described above was arranged. The full project
started In m1d-FY 79.
The development and promulgation of standards can be a very sensitive issue, for sound
financial reasons. Because of this, our program relies heavily on continuing interactions
between all interested parties to assure that, as far as possible, a consensus will be devel-
oped on any proposed standard. To this end a portion of the funding is subcontracted to each
of the U.S. wire manufacturers to promote*Wevelopment of their research capability, to provide
us with needed data, and to provide a source of funding for their participation in work associ-
ated with test development. Furthermore, a new ASTM subcommittee on superconductors (ASTM
Bl.08) was formed earlier this year with excellent participation from manufacturers, funding
agencies, and the national laboratories. The first formal report of the various task groups
will be presented at the International Cryogenic Materials Conference in late August. Minutes
of the organizational meeting are available from the authors.
The term Standards as used here may indicate any or all of four quite different aspects
of standardization:
1. Unambiguous definition of terminology,
2. Detailed description of measurement technique,
3. Development of common experimental apparatus,
4. Preparation and characterization of reference materials.
The role of each of these aspe.ts in our program is described in the following sections, where
more specific examples are discussed.
DEFINITION Or TERMS
It was decided early that the first step in any standards program should be the develop-
ment of a uniform terminology. To this end an extensive review of existing terminology was
made and several review iterations were performed involving more than 50 reviewers both in
this country and abroad. The result was four papers containing proposed definitions, three of
which have now been published in the open literature. They deal respectively with:
e nun ueen ^uui!:>Meu in uie u^fcri i i icrsLui c. INC./ i
^ Fw undaa mentMa l* % st.a t*e s and• f^^l ux pah enomeinal'l')
1. Critical parameters!?) ,,,
3. Fabrication, stabilization and transient losses^
4. Josephson phenomena^•
The ASTM committee described above is now reviewing some of the terms and each of the published
papers solicits responses from the readers. Ultimately all definitions will be collected in a
NBS document that will serve as the guide for their application.
A specific example of problems created by ambiguous definitions is illustrated in Fig. !
which shows the effect,of stress on the critical current of a commercial high field supercon-
ductor measured at NBS1 '• The separate curves indicate the critical current behavior one
observes using the indicated criterion or definition for critical current. Note that not only
the magnitude, but also the shape of the curve is affected. All of the definitions shown have
been used. Our studies have led us to conclude that the use of either the electric field
criterion or the resistivity criterion will provide a maximum of information with minimum
effort.
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
The measurement of critical parameters of superconductors (current, field, and tempera-
ture) as well as other phenomena of importance in applications (ac losses, effects of stress
and fatigue, etc.) require complex apparatus that usually must be constructed by the experi-
menter. In such measurements it is not uncommon for the results from different laboratories
to be quite different even though everyone agrees on the definitions of the appropriate terms
and similar apparatus is used. One solution to this problem is the use of a very detailed and
reproducible experimental technique that has been developed from extensive experimentation.
This type of development is one of the strong thrusts of our program.
To again use our experimental critical current investigation as an example, consider
Fig. 2, which shows the effect of the use of grease as a means of holding the test specimen in
a "conventional" hairpin test rig machined from linen phenolicw- Clearly, this apparently
rather innocuous (and common) laboratory technique greatly influences the result.
In support of the program segment on standard measurement techniques, we are now surveying
all of the laboratories that make these measurements routinely to determine the details of
their technique and apparatus. We intend to publish the results as a NBS report if the infor-
mation developed appears to be of sufficiently wide interest. A similar survey of techniques