Procedures in Hepatogastroenterology

485 Pages·1997·10.317 MB·English

by  R. W. M. Van Der Hulst, M. Van Ierland-Van Leeuwen (auth.), Prof. Dr. Guido N. J. Tytgat, Dr. Chris J. J. Mulder (eds.)

Procedures in Hepatogastroenterology
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Developments in Gastroenterology
VOLUME 15
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Procedures in Hepatogastroenterology
Second Edition
Edited by
Guido N.J. Tytgat
and
Chris J.J. Mulder
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
ISBN 978-94-010-6488-0 ISBN 978-94-011-5702-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5702-5
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Preface
G.N.l. Tytgat and C.l.l. Mulder IX
Authors Xl
Section I Endoscopy of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
1. Diagnostic esophago-gastroduodenoscopy
R. W.M. van der Hulst and M. van [erland-van Leeuwen 1
2. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of gastrointestinal bleeding
E.M. Vreeburg, P. Snel and G.N.l. Tytgat 31
3. Management of variceal bleeding
E.A.J. Rauws 49
4. Protocol: sclerosing with cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) 69
5. Late radiation injury of the gastrointestinal tract
B.G. Taal 71
6. Therapeutic endoscopy: dilatation of proximal strictures and
introduction of stents
E.A.J. Rauws 81
7. Protocol for introducing a Tygon tube 89
8. Positioning of feeding tubes
E.M.H. Mathus-Vliegen 91
9. Management of foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract
M.L. van [erland-van Leeuwen, R. W.M. van der Hulst and P. Fockens 99
10. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy
J.D. van Bergeijk and c.J.l. Mulder 107
vi
11. Treatment of Zenker's diverticulum
C.J.J. Mulder 115
12. Enteroscopy
E.M.H. Mathus-Vliegen 121
13. Small-intestinal biopsies
C.J.J. Mulder and P.J. Wahab 131
Section II Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
14. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
K. Huibregtse, J. Haringsma and D.A. Cohen 137
15. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction
K. Huibregtse, J. Haringsma and D.A. Cohen 159
16. Endoscopic stenting of the biliary tract and pancreatic duct
K. Huibregtse, J. Haringsma and D.A. Cohen 173
Section III Hepatohiliary investigation
17. Liver biopsy
D.J. van Leeuwen 193
18. Protocol liver biopsy 209
19. Laparoscopy
H.R. van Buuren and R.A. de Man 211
20. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
L. Th. De Wit, Y. Keulemans and D.J. Gouma 221
21. Percutaneous cholangiography and drainage
J. W.A.J. Reeders, D.J. Gouma and D.J. van Leeuwen 235
Section IV Endoscopy of the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
22. Proctology
M.J.C. Kothe and J.F. W.M. Bartelsman 261
vii
23. Colon cleansing
1. Haringsma and C.l.f. Mulder 279
24. Colonoscopy: general guidelines
E.A.f. Rauws 285
25. Colonoscopic polypectomy
W. Bruins Slot and G.N.J. Tytgat 297
26. Colonoscopy: diverticular disease
E.M.H. Mathus-Vliegen 307
27. Colonoscopy in ileocolitis
H.M. van Dullemen and G.N.f. Tytgat 317
28. Inherited forms of colorectal cancer: guidelines for management
H.F.A. Vasen 331
29. Protocol: adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum 339
Section V Endoscopy in childhood
30. Endoscopy in children
H.H.F. Derkx, H.S.A. Heymans, 1.A.l.M. Taminiau and H.A. Buller 343
Section VI Endosonography
31. Endosonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract: a review of
current possibilities and clinical implications
P. Fockens 363
Section VII Endoscopes
32. Disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes
H. Tuynman, H.H.M. Meester and S.G.M. Meuwissen 391
Section VIII AIDS
33. AIDS
1.F. W.M. Bartelsman 407
viii
Section IX Intervention therapy with laser, APe and electrosurgery
34. Basic principles of electrosurgery in flexible endoscopy
G. F arin and K.E. Grund 415
35. Laser coagulation
E.M.H. Mathus-Vliegen 437
36. Argon plasma coagulation in endoscopy
C.].J. Mulder and P.J. Wahab 465
Section X Shock wave therapy
37. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
c.l.]. Ponsioen and M.E. Craanen 473
Section XI Endoscopy unit
38. Guidelines for designing an endoscopy unit (report of the Dutch
Society of Hepatogastroenterology)
C.J.J. Mulder, A c.l. T.L. Tan and K. Huibregste 485
Preface
Endoscopy has revolutionized clinical gastroenterology. In 1961 Basil Hirschowitz
published the first flexible endoscopic examination of the stomach and duodenal
bulb. We moved from flexible fiberendoscopes to current video-endoscopic equip
ment. Current video-endoscopes incorporate a black and white or color 'chip' at the
tip of the instrument which transforms the visual image into electronic signals. The
size of the pincet is constantly getting smaller, heading for 5 /Lm, further increasing
the resolution. The signals are reassembled into high-quality color images in a
video monitor.
Endoscopes are now used to examine the entire gastrointestinal tract from
esophagus to rectum, including the biliary and pancreatic ductal system. Targeted
endoscopic biopsy offers rapid and precise diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasonography is
of unsurpassed accuracy in staging gastrointestinal tumors, in assessing pancreatic
and biliary disease, and disorders of the rectum and anal canal. Moreover, targeted
cytological sampling is possible of abnormalities of the intestinal wall or peri
intestinal lymph node. Yet despite these glamorous achievements changes are to be
expected in the overall emphasis of diagnostic endoscopy. Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography may very well compete for a substantial fraction of
diagnostic ERCP. Virtual colonoscopy or computed tomographic colography may
well compete with (and take over?) screening/surveillance colonoscopy.
What will not change is the clinical usefulness and need for therapeutic endo
scopy. This area is, and will remain, the greatest challenge for the future: endo
scopic therapy of bleeding lesions (variceal bleeding, ulcer bleeding), endoscopic
polypectomy throughout the gastrointestinal tract, endoscopic mucosal resection for
early dysplastic/carcinomatous lesions, endoscopic photodynamic therapy, endo
scopic sphincterotomy for stone extraction, insertion of prostheses in blocked
biliary or pancreatic ducts, Nd:YAG laser application, argon plasma coagulation,
etc., will be increasingly performed. Moreover, the therapeutic endoscopic potential
will expand further. As a consequence the need for proper endoscopic training in
therapeutic endoscopy will increase. To answer the need for training properly may
well become a formidable challenge in the years ahead.
The idea of producing a book on procedures in hepatogastroenterology emerged
over a lO-year period during which the editors worked at the Academic Medical
Center in Amsterdam. Since the late 1970s a postgraduate course book has
been edited each year. These books in the Dutch language covered the new
developments and techniques in gastrointestinal endoscopy.
IX
x
In 1986 the first Dutch edition became available for all endoscopists in the
Netherlands. The first German edition (Georg Thieme) was produced in 1990.
Producing the fifth Dutch edition in 1991 we decided to translate this edition into
English, to review all sections with a new team, mainly working at the AMC, and
to ask our former contributors to continue with their sections. The first English
edition was produced in 1993. This second English edition follows the same
formula as its predecessors.
We have attempted to keep this book as practical as possible, not changing the
concept of the late 1970s. We hope the book will be of use to all doctors and nurses
involved in hepatogastroenterology.
Chris Mulder (Arnhem) and Guido Tytgat (Amsterdam), the Netherlands