Probiotics and bioactive carbohydrates in colon cancer management PDF
Preview Probiotics and bioactive carbohydrates in colon cancer management
Maya Raman Padma Ambalam Mukesh Doble Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates in Colon Cancer Management Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates in Colon Cancer Management Maya Raman (cid:129) Padma Ambalam Mukesh Doble Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates in Colon Cancer Management Maya Raman Padma Ambalam Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Christ College, Saurashtra University Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Chennai, TN, India Mukesh Doble Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India ISBN 978-81-322-2585-0 ISBN 978-81-322-2586-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2586-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945580 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause in both incidence and mortality amongst men and women. The American Cancer Society estimated that 136,830 people are affected by it and 50,314 died in 2014. Developing coun- tries are also showing increased incidences of colorectal cancer. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease, of which major contribution is due to the latter. While 10–15 % of cancers are due to familial and heredi- tary factors, diet is associated with 50–80 % cases. Animal, epidemiological, case–control and cohort studies have indicated that various nutrients and components of food aid in the development or prevention of colorectal can- cer. Excess consumption of red and processed meat, roasted coffee, etc. have shown a consistent increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer, indicating that compounds formed in food containing free amino acids and sugars inter- act at elevated temperatures to form mutagens or carcinogens, namely, het- erocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These mutagens can cause alterations and damage to DNA, causing colorectal cancer. The usual remedy for colorectal cancer includes surgeries and invasive chemotherapy or radiation regimen; however, the cancer grows undetected and recurs after treatment. Several lifestyle and dietary factors could prevent this ailment. This book comprises of seven chapters. The introductory chapter describes the gut system and its microbiome. Four chapters describe the dietary habits (probiotics, synbiotics and bioactive carbohydrate, namely, prebiotics and dietary fi bres) that could modify and reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have developed into a major research focus area due to their specifi c health benefi ts in human. The appli- cations of these include functional foods, health supplements and nutraceuti- cals. Emphasis is also laid on the dietary fi bres that have shown signifi cant health benefi ts against colorectal cancer. Consumer interest in the relation- ship between diet and health has improved the dietary habits presently. This has also paved the way for functional food and nutraceuticals that supply the nutrients for benefi cial normal reactions in the body. The chapters discuss the concept, defi nition and status of the “biotics” in the current market as well as their different physiological and molecular mechanisms of action. Short-chain fatty acid, which is involved in CRC considerably and forms the molecular pathway in preventing colorectal carcinogenesis, is discussed in Chap. 6. Short-chain fatty acid is formed in the colon as a result of the microbial fermentation of undigested bioactive carbohydrates including pre- biotics (oligosaccharides, inulin, lactulose, lactitol) and dietary fi bres by v vi Preface Bifi dobacterium and Lactobacillus. Acetate, propionate and butyrate are major SCFA products. Butyrate, specifi cally, is involved in the inhibition of histone deacetylase, resulting in histone hyperacetylation and growth inhibi- tion in the colonic epithelial cells. Apart from these, it is also involved in minimizing infl ammation, thereby exhibiting immunomodulatory effects. Several benefi ts of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and dietary fi bre are novel and have not been fully explored. Similarly, the mechanism of action of these also has not been understood with reference to colorectal cancer and other diseases. This book will be of practical and scientifi c use to academi- cians, research scholars, students, health professionals, nutritionists, etc. and could support the cause of preventing CRC by adopting smart food habits. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Maya Raman Rajkot, Gujarat, India Padma Ambalam Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Mukesh Doble Abbreviations 3-MA 3-Methyladenine 7,8-DiMeIQx 2-Amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline AAD Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea AAR Annual incidence rates ACA Anticancerous activity ACF Aberrant crypt foci AGJ Artifi cial gastric juice AIJ Artifi cial intestinal juice Akt Protein kinase-B AMA Antimicrobial activity AMP Antimicrobial peptides AOM Azoxymethane ATP Adenosine triphosphate AXOS Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides AαC 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole B(α)P Benzo(α)pyrene CAGR Compound annual growth rate cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CD Crohn’s disease CDK Cyclic dependent kinase CFTR Cystic fi brosis transmembrane conductance cfu/g Colony-forming unit per gram CH Methane 4 CHOS Chito-oligosaccharides CIN Chromosomal instability Cl− Chloride ion CLA Conjugated linoleic acid CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose CO Carbon dioxide 2 CRC Colorectal cancer CS Caesarean section CSC Cancerous stem cell DC Dentritic cells R DiMeIQx 2-Amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EcN E. coli strain Nissle 1917 EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor vii viii Abbreviations EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FOS Fructo-oligosaccharide FP Faecalibacterium prausnitzii FP7 Framework Programme for Research Fru Fructose Gal Galactose GIA Global Industry Analysts GIT Gastrointestinal tract GLP1 Glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP2 Glucagon-like peptide 2 Glu Glucose Glu-P-1 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole Glu-P-2 2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole GOS Galacto-oligosaccharide GPCRs G-protein-coupled receptors GRAS Generally recommended as safe GTO Gentio-oligosaccharides H+ Hydrogen ion H Hydrogen 2 H O Hydrogen peroxide 2 2 H S Hydrogen sulphide 2 HCA Heterocyclic amines HCO− Carbonate ion 3 HDAC Histone deacetylase HepG2 Human hepatoma cell lines HTS High-throughput sequencing technologies IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IBD Infl ammatory bowel disease IBS Irritable bowel syndrome IDL Intermediate-density lipoprotein IL Interleukin IMO Isomalto-oligosaccharide IQ 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline ISCs Intestinal stem cells kD Kilodalton kJ Kilojoule LAB Lactic acid bacteria LcS L. casei strain, Shirota LDL Low-density lipoprotein MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MeAαC 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole MeIQ 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline MeIQx 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline MLN Mesenteric lymph nodes MMPs Metalloproteinases MNNG N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine Abbreviations ix MOS Mannan-oligosaccharides MSI Microsatellite instability Na+ Sodium ion NF-κB Nuclear factor-κB NH Ammonia 3 NH+ Ammonium ion 4 NIH National Institutes of Health NK Natural killer NOC N-Nitroso compounds PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PARP Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase PhIP 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine PI Prebiotic index PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase POS Pectin-oligosaccharides PPAR-γ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma RD Resistant dextrin ROS Reactive oxygen species RS Resistant starch SCFA Short-chain fatty acids SO Sulphate 4 SOS Soy-oligosaccharide TGOS Trans-galacto-oligosaccharide TIM Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase TNF Tumour necrosis factor TOS Trans-oligosaccharide Trp-P-1 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]-indole Trp-P-2 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole UC Ulcerative colitis USD United States Dollars USNFIA United States National Food Ingredient Association UTI Urinary tract infection VLDL Very-low-density lipoprotein WHO World Health Organization XOS Xylo-oligosaccharide
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