Probiotic Research in Therapeutics: Volume 3: Probiotics and Gut Skin Axis–Inside Out and Outside In PDF
Preview Probiotic Research in Therapeutics: Volume 3: Probiotics and Gut Skin Axis–Inside Out and Outside In
Indu Pal Kaur Editor-in-Chief Kavita Beri · Parneet Kaur Deol Simarjot Kaur Sandhu Editors Probiotic Research in Therapeutics Volume 3: Probiotics and Gut Skin Axis–Inside Out and Outside In Probiotic Research in Therapeutics Indu Pal Kaur Editor-in-Chief Kavita Beri (cid:129) Parneet Kaur Deol (cid:129) Simarjot Kaur Sandhu Editors Probiotic Research in Therapeutics Volume 3: Probiotics and Gut Skin Axis– Inside Out and Outside In Editor-in-Chief InduPalKaur UniversityInstituteofPharmaceutical Sciences, PanjabUniversity Chandigarh,Punjab,India Editors KavitaBeri ParneetKaurDeol CenterforDermalResearch(CDR)and G.H.G.KhalsaCollegeofPharmacy,Gurusar LaboratoryforDrugDelivery(LDD) Sadhar Rutgers-TheStateUniversityofNew Ludhiana,Punjab,India Jersey Piscataway,NewJersey,USA SimarjotKaurSandhu TaroPharmaceuticalIndustriesLimited Brampton,Ontario,Canada ISBN978-981-16-5627-9 ISBN978-981-16-5628-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5628-6 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword by J. V. Yakhmi ThesayingattributedtoHippocrates,theFatherofMedicine,that“Letfoodbethy medicine,andletmedicinebethyfood”neverfeltmorevalidthannowwhenweare challenged by a variety of lifestyle diseases. The relevance of holistic healing has increasingly been related, in recent years, to the gut microbiome, composed of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotic microbes, all of which reside in our gut, andtogetherhaveastrongpotentialtoimpactourphysiology,bothinhealthandin disease. When faced with a variety of diseases, our present-day knowledge lays emphasisontheimportanceofahealthymicrobiome,notonlylimitedtoguthealth butalsotometabolicdisorders,cancers,immunity,brainhealth,andskinhealth.Can wemanipulatethegutmicrobiotabyprobioticinterventiontoward diseasepreven- tionandtreatment?Thatispreciselywhatisreceivingtheattentionofalargenumber of scientists engaged in research on human health. The growing market interest in health benefits of probiotics has intensified research and investments in this area. Withanoverwhelminglylargenumberofnewproductsbasedonprobioticsonthe shelves of the supermarkets and pharmacies, it can be inferred that the research in thisareaisataveryexcitingstage.Thoughtheintricatemechanismsinvolvedinthe importanceofgutfloramayrequiresomebasicscientificexpertise,surfingthrough scientific claims on usefulness of probiotic therapy can catch the fancy of even a generalreader. I haveknown Prof. InduPalKaur,Chief Editor ofthis book series,for thepast 12 years and have been closely following her research interests which essentially hover around being a formulation scientist, be it for small and large molecules, phytochemicals,andprobiotics.Ihavenoticedherdeepinterestintryingtocomple- ment the observational data compiled in the traditional system of medicine with scientific rationale from currently available information. I have myself discussed with her, several times, the human microbiome and its manipulations for useful therapeuticoptions.Shehasbeenactiveinthetopicofprobioticsforalongtimeand had,infact,publishedherfirstreviewonPotentialPharmaceuticalApplicationsof Probiotics way back in 2002, which has been cited over 500 times to date. Her passion to bring probiotics into mainstream therapeutics is not limited only to the ailmentsofthegut,viz.inflammation,ulcers,andcancers,butisalsoaimedtoextend it to other lifestylediseases, suchas depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, vaginal candidiasis,woundhealing,andskinhealth. vv vi ForewordbyJ.V.Yakhmi Thepresentebookseries,comprisingfivevolumes,bringslatestinformationand keyinsightsonapplicationofprobioticsincancerandimmunologicaldisorders,gut inflammation and infection, skin ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and meta- bolicdisorders.Thecontributingauthorsarerecognizedexpertswhichensuresthat eachchapteraffordsacriticalinsightintothetopiccovered,withareviewofcurrent research, and a discussion on future directions in order to stimulate interest. Each volume itself covers a broad theme in detail by including chapters disseminating basicinformationinthefieldinsuchamannerthatitwouldattracttheattentionof even a stray reader or intending consumers. Of course, the whole series of five volumes is designed with care so as to not only ignite the minds of graduating students for future research but also boost the confidence of health professionals, physicians,dieticians,nutritionists,andthosepracticingnaturopathybyunderlining the integrity of the data documented in the chapters of these volumes from well- establishedlabsandgroups.Allinall,averythoughtfulcompendiumofprobiotics researchintherapeutics! HomiBhabhaNationalInstitute J.V.Yakhmi Mumbai,Maharashtra,India Formerly,PhysicsGroup,Bhabha AtomicResearchCentre,Technical Physics&PrototypeEngineering Division,BARC,Spectroscopy, SynchrotronandFunctional Materials,BARC Mumbai,Maharashtra,India Foreword by Manpreet Randhawa Weashumanbeingshavebeenevolvingandhavedevelopeddifferentphysicaland geneticcharacteristicsinresponsetovaryingclimatesandlifestyles.Asamatterof fact,wearesortofcreatingacleanbubble(thatisessentiallyfreeofsomanythings includingthemicroorganismslivingonourskin)aroundus,tofeelmoresecureand safe. However, during this transition we have completely forgotten about the ecosystem supporting us, until we see the continued rise of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes as well as skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Now, let us take a step back to reflect on these learnings and changeourperceptiontosupportandenhanceourecosystem. Thinkingaboutourskinforamoment—itisthebody’slargestorganandoffers thefirstlevelofdefense—sotakinggoodcareofitisveryessential.Asafirstlineof protection, our skin is covered with a diverse set of microorganisms called the microbiome, which plays a very active role in maintaining healthy-looking skin. This microbiome tends to stay quite stable unless something drastic happens. Besides the skin, the microbiome tends to be a quintessential part of our gut as well. The gut microbiome maintains homeostasis throughout the body, but can majorly affect our other organs, especially our skin, if it becomes unbalanced. If weexperienceanyissueswithourgut,suchasinflammation,leakygut,ordigestion problems,ourskinisusuallythefirstplacewenoticeproblems.Thiscouldbeoneof thereasonsbehindawell-knownsaying“whateveryoueatwillreflectonyourskin”; hence,youmayconsiderskinasabarometerofwhatisgoingoninsidethebody.So, Icansaythattheskin-gutaxisisnotsomethingnew,butsomethingthathaslately beenexploredatascientificleveltounderstanditsmechanismsofactionandtheend results. To further decipher the connection between the gut-skin axis, there are many studies that suggest that the intestinal microbiome’s influence extends beyond the gut,andinfactcontributestothefunction(anddysfunction)ofdistantorgansystems including the skin. These commensal bacteria help prime the gut immune system throughspecificinteractions.However,alteredgutfloramayfavortheproductionof inflammatory cells, therebycontributing tothe development of skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, and eczema. Besides the microbiome itself, the metabolites (end products) secreted by the microbiota also play a critical role in maintaininghomeostasis.Shortchainfattyacids(SCFAs)areoneoftheproductsof dietaryfibersfermentedbycomponentsofthegutmicrobiome.Butyratebeingone vviiii viii ForewordbyManpreetRandhawa of the SCFAs is known to suppress immune responses by inhibiting inflammatory cells’ various functionalities. Other SCFAs are believed to play a pivotal role in determining the predominance of certain skin microbiomic profiles which subse- quently influence cutaneous immune defense mechanisms. Therefore, one can predict that intestinal dysbiosis, a state of microbial imbalance, can negatively impactskinfunction.Forexample,freephenolandp-cresol,metabolicproductsof aromatic amino acids, represent disturbed gut milieu which can access the circula- tion,preferentiallyaccumulateintheskin,andimpairepidermaldifferentiationand skinbarrierintegrity.Indeed,highp-cresolserumlevelsareassociatedwithreduced skinhydrationandimpairedkeratinization.Interestingly,thereisnewevidencethat the intestinal microbiome may impact cutaneous physiology, pathology, and immune responsemoredirectly, throughthemetastasisofgutmicrobiotaandtheir metabolitestotheskin.Incasesofdisturbedintestinalbarriers,intestinalbacteriaas well as intestinal microbiota metabolites have been reported to gain access to the bloodstream, accumulate in the skin, and disrupt skin homeostasis. These findings representevidenceofamoredirectlinkbetweenthegutmicrobiomeandcutaneous homeostasiswhichhasjustbeguntobeexplored. Understanding the role of microbiome as an underlying issue for skin disorders hasledtotheuseofprobioticsbothorallyandtopically.Severalplacebo-controlled clinicalstudiesinhumansubjectssuggestthatoralsupplementationofprobioticshas significantlyimprovedskinphysiologythroughdecreasedskinsensitivity,stronger barrier integrity, and increased hydration. Apart from this the gut microbiome has also been shown to support restoration of skin homeostasis after ultraviolet (UV)radiationexposure.Forexample,LactobacillusjohnsoniiLa1supplementation protectedcutaneousimmunehomeostasisinhealthyvolunteersfollowingUVradia- tionexposure. Tosumitup,oneofthemostimportantthingsyoutaketowardachievinghealthy skinistokeepwhatislivingonandinyourbody—themicrobialbacteriathatmake up your skin’s and gut’s microbiome—healthy. One way to improve gut and skin healthisthroughtheconsumptionofhigh-fiber,pre-,pro-,para-,orpostbioticdiets aswellastheirrespectivetopicalapplicationstorestorethediversityandmetabolite makeup. In this book, you will discover the remarkable connections between your gutmicrobiomeandyourskin’sabilitytodefendagainstunwantedconditionssuch aseczema,psoriasis,acceleratedaging,acne,andwoundhealing,aswellascrucial tipsandadviceonmaintainingandimprovingthecommensalbacteria. Research&InnovationatSytheonLtd ManpreetRandhawa Boonton,NJ,USA Preface Thefirststeptounderstandingthesymbioticdatingofgutmicrobeswiththeirhostis to understand the traits of wholesome microbiota and their association with the disease. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) undertaken by the National Institutes of Health in the United States in 2007 was the first serious effort to understand the know-how of microbial flora and its contribution to human health and disorder at primarily five body sites, out of which one was the skin. Skin microbiotaplaysanintricateroleinthehumanimmunesystemandhelpstodefend itshostagainstinvadingbacterialpathogens.Itisnowscientificallyproventhatthere existsacloseandbidirectionalassociationbetweenthegutandskininmaintaining the homeostasis and allostasis of the skin and also gastrointestinal health. Skin is directly impacted by various circumstances that principally affect the intestine. Ability to manipulate the skin microbiota by probiotic therapy, orally or topically, is highly exciting and full of possibilities. It is said that the next era therapeutics wouldinvolvemaneuveringtheresidentmicrobiomeofhumanbodytoshiftitfrom dysbiosistosymbiosis. The third volume of the present ebook series entitled Probiotic Research in Therapeutics: Probiotics and Gut Skin Axis–Inside Out and Outside In is a very sincere effort from the editors to bring forth the compilation of scientific evidence which justifies the“Gut-Skin Axis” anddiscussthe purportedbenefitsof probiotic therapy in establishing the gut and skin symbiosis. The volume comprises 11 chapters. The introductory chapter discusses the very origin of the concept of the Gut-Skin Axis and its role in the general well-being of individuals. Chapter 2 highlights the underlying mechanisms involved in gut-skin crosstalk. Chapter 3 reviews the nexus between the skin’s microbiome and the barrier function of the epidermisandexploresthepossibilityofexploitingthisuniquedialogueindevelop- inginnovativecosmeticsandtransdermaldrugsinfuture,forwell-beingandbeauty. Chapter 4covers thehealth benefitsof oral and topical probiotics,parabiotics, and postbiotics on the skin. The chapter addresses issues and challenges faced by the actives, via both the routes, along with in vitro and in vivo evidence highlighting theirefficacy.Chapter5elaboratesonthescopeandchallengesfacedbythetopical application of probiotics in skin conditions such as acute dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, wound, acne, psoriasis, photoaging, and skincancer.Thechapteralsofocussesonthefutureandcurrentresearchinprobiotic ix x Preface therapyforskinailments.Thenextfourchapters(Chapters6–9)discusstheroleof probioticsinprophylaxisandthemanagementofvariousskinconditions,viz.acne, photodamage,wound,andatopicdermatitis.Theauthorshavediscussedtheunder- lyingmechanismofactionofprobiotics,whileprovidingaconsolidatedoverviewof thepreclinicalandclinicalstatusofprobiotictherapyinthemanagementandcontrol of these indications. Next in line is the chapter highlighting the safety concerns involved,andregulatoryguidelinesgoverningtheuseofprobioticsinthegut-brain- skin axis. The chapter also presents an elaborate picture of the current global probioticmarkethighlightingthemajorimpactingfactorsandbreakthroughsinthe recentyears.Thelastchaptergivesthereaderaninterestingperspectiveoftherecent advances and trends in the probiotic-based vaccine. The discussion highlights the mostfrequentlyappliedstrategiesinvolvingbacteriaandyeastintheconceptionof probioticvaccines,bothpreclinicallyandclinically. With state-of-the-art commentaries on all aspects of probiotic research, from contributors across the globe, theebook provides anauthoritative and timely over- viewofthefield.Ihopethisbookwillbeausefuleducationalandscientifictoolto academicians, health professionals, students, and pharma/biotech businessmen worldwide.Aseditorsofthebook,weexpressoursincerethankstoalltheauthors fortheirexcellentcontributiontothebook. Chandigarh,Punjab,India InduPalKaur Piscataway,NJ,USA KavitaBeri Ludhiana,Punjab,India ParneetKaurDeol Brampton,ON,Canada SimarjotKaurSandhu
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