Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures: Symposium Stockholm, Sweden June 19–21, 1984 To the Memory of Waloddi Weibull PDF
Preview Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures: Symposium Stockholm, Sweden June 19–21, 1984 To the Memory of Waloddi Weibull
Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures The Weibull Symposium International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures Symposium Stockholm, Sweden June 19-21,1984 To the Memory of Waloddi Weibull Editors S. Eggwertz and N. C. Lind With 149 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo Prof. Sigge Eggwertz The Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden Box 11021 S -16111 Bromma - Sweden Prof. Niels C. Lind Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N 2L 3G1 - Canada ISBN-13:978-3-642-82421-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-82419-7 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-82419-7 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Probabilistic methods in the mechanics of solids and structures. At head of title: International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Papers presented at the IUTAM Symposium on Probabilistic Method in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures, held in Stockholm, Sweden, June 19-21, 1984. 1. Mechanics, Applied--Congresses. 2. Probabilities--Congresses. 3. Weibull, Waloddi 1887-1979--Congresses. I. Eggwertz, S. (Sigge). II. Lind, N. C. (Niels Christian). III. Weibull, Waloddi, 1887-1979. IV. International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. V. IUTAM Symposium on Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures (1984: Stockholm, Sweden). TA349.P74 1984 620.1'05 85-2569 This work is subjectto copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting;re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro duction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. © Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985 Soltcover reprint 01 the hardCover 1st edititon 1985 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula tions and therefore free for general use. 2061/30205432 1 0 Scientific Committee V.V. Bolotin, USSR O. Buxbaum, Germany'FRG S. Eggwertz, Sweden, Co-chairman R.A.Heller, U.S.A. J. Hult, Sweden N.C. Lind, Canada, Co-chairman A.O. Payne, Australia A. Pugsley, UK R. Talreja, Denmark T. Yokobori, Japan Honorary Chairman Folke Odqvist, Professor Emeritus, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Stockholm, deceased on May 7, 1984 Local Organizing Committee S.O. Olin, Director General of FFA B. Bergman, Linkoping Institute of Technology A. Blom, FFA S. Eggwertz, FFA Ella Forsberg, FFA, L. Jarfall, SAAB-SCANIA AB, Aerospace Division, F. Nilsson, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate B. Palmberg, FFA Sponsors International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics IUTAM Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden FFA Alfa-Laval AB ASEA AB Atlas-Copco AB AB Bofors Industry Group JAS: SAAB-SCANIA AB, Aerospace Division Ericsson Radio Systems AB FFV Volvo Flygmotor AB Philips Elektronikindustrier AB Sandvik AB Scandinavian Airlines System SAS AB SKF STAL-LAVAL Turbin AB Preface The IUTAM Symposium on Probabilistic Methods in the Mechanics of Solids and Structures, dedicated to the memory of Waloddi Weibull, was held in Stockholm, Sweden, June 19-21, 1984, on the initiative of the Swedish National Committee for Mech anics and the Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden, FFA. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together mathema ticians that develop the theory of stochastic processes and methods for reliability analysis, with engineers that apply these theories and methods to model loads, strengths and structures for the advancement of structural safety. Waloddi Weibull was a pioneer in this field with his many publi cations from the thirties until his death in 1979. He also took an active part in the formation of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics during the forties, and subsequently initiated foundation of the Swedish National Committee for Mechanics, through which Sweden joined IUTAM as a member. 116 participants from 21 countries attended the symposium, and 55 invited papers were presented in 7 scientific sessions. The first session including 9 contributions was devoted to extreme value theory with special attention to the Weibull distribution. One further mathematical session treated re liability analysis. Probabilistic failure models were dis cussed both for brittle and ductile materials of various kinds also including composites. Stochastic modelling of fatigue crack growth appears to be in rapid progress and was the subject of a long series of lectures. Other papers were concerned with the safety of nuclear structures containing cracks and other defects. An extensive session described the VIII structural linear and nonlinear response to random loading, such as wind turbulence and earthquake spectra. Although the invitations to the symposium indicated loadings as a main subject, there was no contribution on the acquisition of random loads. The last session dealt with structures, es pecially in aircraft and buildings, including design philo sophy, codes and certification. At the end of this session the chairman presented a resolution originating from the Australian member of the Scientific Committee, meant to be sent to the International Civil Aviation Organization, re commending a reliability based approach to fatigue substan tiation. The arrangement of the symposium was entrusted to FFA already in 1981 by the Bureau of IUTAM, which simultaneously appointed a Scientific Committee of eight members besides the co-chairmen. These members have served the Committee with great efficiency, particularly in the important task of advising on policy and attracting qualified contributors. A local Organizing Committee was formed at FFA, including three outside members, selected as experts in various fields of the symposium. Their generous help has been invaluable. Several members of the staff of FFA have also made devoted efforts to advance the symposium inside and outside the Organizing Committee. The Honorary Chairman, Folke Odqvist, an old friend and col league of Waloddi Weibull, played a great part in encouraging FFA to undertake the arrangement of the Weibull Symposium - which was only natural, considering the long and prosperous cooperation between Professor Weibull and FFA. We deeply regret the death of Professor Odqvist shortly before the opening of the symposium. We would like to express our gratitude to the IUTAM Bureau for the allocation of financial support to participants. Finally, we wish to give sincere thanks to the thirteen Swedish companies listed below for their generous financial support facilitating the efforts to make the symposium a pleasant event open to qualified scientists from all countries. Bromma and Waterloo, October 1984 Sigge Eggwertz Niels C. Lind Co-chairmen of the Scientific Committee W. Weibull 1887-1979 photo: Sam C. Saunders, Pullman WA, USA The Weibull Distribution did not Apply to Its Founder Robert A. Heller Blacksburg, VA, USA Though it is an honor to have been asked by the Chair to talk about Professor Weibull, I am saddened that my substitution is occasioned by the untimely passing of another great engineer, Professor Folke Odqvist, who was to give us his impressions of his old friend and colleague. The information I have gathered about Professor Weibull comes from several sources; from his friends: Professor Odqvist, Walter Trapp of the U.S Air Force, Professor Sigge Eggwertz of FFA, from his family: Mrs. Ibbi Weibull, his wife, Mr. Goran Weibull, his son, and my own personal recol lections. Waloddi Weibull was born on June 18, 1887. This Symposium started on his 97th birthday. His family originally came from Schleswig-Holstein, at that time (in the seventeenth century) closely connected with Denmark. There were a number of famous scientists and historians in the family. His own career as an engineer and scientist is certainly an unusual one. He became a midshipman in the Royal Swedish Coast Guard in 1904 and was promoted to sublieutenant in 1907, to Captain in 1916 and to Major in 1940. By then he had finished the military schools and simultaneously taken courses at the Royal Institute of Technology and at Stockholm University, finally graduating as Fil.Lic. in 1924. Weibull left active military service in 1917 and acted in German and Swedish industries as an inventor (ball bearings, electric hammers) and as a consulting engineer. He published his first scientific paper on the propagation of explosive wave in 1914. He took part in expeditions to the Mediterranean, to the Carribean, and to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the research ship "Albatross" where he used his newly developed technique of explosive charges to determine the type of ocean bottom sediments and their thick ness. The same method is used today in offshore oil explorations. Weibull became a full professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1924, and was awarded the degree Ph.D.h.c. at the University of Uppsala in XIV 1932. In 1941 a donation from a Swedish arms factory (A. B. Bofors) gave him a personal research professorship in Technical Physics at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. Professor Weibull's ideas about the statistical distributions of material strength came to the attention of engineers in the late 1930's with the publications of two important papers: "Investigations into strength pro perties of brittle materials" and "The phenomenon of rupture in solids". His techniques later found wide application in many fields. With great physical insight he proposed the probability distribution which bears his name. Now, in the literature on reliability, statistics, fatigue, frac ture and many other fields, one finds reference to the "Wei bull Distribu tion", and the statistical methods Weibull proposed are in everyday use. Subsequently, Dr. Weibull extended his studies to many aspects of fatigue, fracture and the analysis of probability distributions. In 1953 he retired from the Royal Institute of Technology and became a professor emeritus. For most people retirement is the end of a profes sional career, but not for Weibull. His activities just started. He became a consultant to the Fatigue Branch of the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory, then under the direction of Mr. Walter Trapp. For 14 years he conducted research and wrote many papers and technical reports which pro vide valuable information and data on material properties and on the analysis of probability distributions and other related topics. This and other work is summarized in a book. co-authored with his son Goran and published by the Swedish National Defense Research Institute. Professor Weibull continued to be active as a consultant. He conducted work on tur bine fatigue and studied new methods of estimating the parameters of the Weibull Distribution. His work on the planning and interpretation of fatigue data is monumental and resulted in his book "Fatigue Testing and Analysis of Results" in 1961. In 1963. at the invitation of the late Professor Alfred Freudenthal, he became a Visiting Professor at Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Fatigue and Reliability. Many of us at this Symposuim have been associated with the Institute at that time and got to know Dr. Weibull personally. Hal Liebowitz was one of our sponsors. Alf Payne. Agnes Heller. Jann Yang, Lars Jarfall and I learned a lot from him, from Emil
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