Private Metropolis: The Eclipse of Local Democratic Governance PDF
Preview Private Metropolis: The Eclipse of Local Democratic Governance
Private Metropolis GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNITY Susan E. Clarke, Series Editor Dennis R. Judd, Founding Editor Volume 32 Private Metropolis: The Eclipse of Local Democratic Governance Dennis R. Judd, Evan McKenzie, and Alba Alexander, Editors Volume 31 The Migrant’s Paradox: Street Livelihoods and Marginal Citizenship in Britain Suzanne M. Hall Volume 30 Chasing World- Class Urbanism: Global Policy versus Everyday Survival in Buenos Aires Jacob Lederman Volume 29 Gringolandia: Lifestyle Migration under Late Capitalism Matthew Hayes Volume 28 Renew Orleans? Globalized Development and Worker Resistance after Katrina Aaron Schneider Volume 27 Globalized Authoritarianism: Megaprojects, Slums, and Class Relations in Urban Morocco Koenraad Bogaert Volume 26 Urban Policy in the Time of Obama James DeFilippis, Editor Volume 25 The Servant Class City: Urban Revitalization versus the Working Poor in San Diego David J. Karjanen Volume 24 Security in the Bubble: Navigating Crime in Urban South Africa Christine Hentschel Volume 23 The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai Liza Weinstein (continued on page 303) Private Metropolis The Eclipse of Local Democratic Governance DENNIS R. JUDD EVAN McKENZIE ALBA ALEXANDER EDITORS GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNITY, VOLUME 32 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Copyright 2021 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401- 2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu ISBN 978-1-5179-1081-5 (hc) ISBN 978-1-5179-1082-2 (pb) Library of Congress record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020058446 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal- opportunity educator and employer. UMP BmB 2021 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Shadow Governments and the 1 Remaking of the American Local State Dennis R. Judd, Evan McKenzie, and Alba Alexander Part I. The Eclipse of the Municipal State 1 City- Building Capacity and Special- Purpose Authorities: 21 Institutions, Interests, and the Local State James M. Smith 2 Phantom Governments: Multiple- Function 45 Special Districts as Substitutes for Municipalities Evan McKenzie 3 Governing Detroit: The Withering of 67 the Municipal State Peter Eisinger Part II. The Evolving Role of Public– Private Authorities 4 Transportation Empires in the New York and 83 Los Angeles Regions: From the Old to the New Politics of Governance and Development Steven P. Erie, Scott A. MacKenzie, and Jameson W. Doig 5 Whetting Their Appetites: Privatization Schemes 125 and the Case of Water Ellen Dannin and Douglas Cantor 6 The Role of the State in Public– Private Initiatives: 147 Lessons from Great Britain Alba Alexander Part III. The Fiscal Politics of the New American Local State 7 Financing Urban Infrastructure and Services under 181 the New Normal: A Look at Special Assessments Shu Wang and Rebecca Hendrick 8 Devolution and Debt: Financing Public Facilities 219 in an Age of Austerity Rachel Weber, Amanda Kass, and Sara Hinkley Part IV. Bringing the Public State Back In 9 Building the Public City, Privately 247 David C. Perry and Mary Donoghue Conclusion: The Fate of the Public Realm 267 Dennis R. Judd, Evan McKenzie, and Alba Alexander Contributors 279 Index 283 Acknowledgments T his volume originates from a conference in Chicago at the Uni- versity of Illinois in May 2015, “Reconsidering the Politics of Urban Infrastructure.” The conference was made possible largely through generous support from the Office of the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, UIC. The editors regret that they did not have space to include all contributions from that event. We are deeply grate- ful to Susan Clarke, series editor of Globalization and Commu- nity for the University of Minnesota Press, for guiding the project through the process to publication. We also thank the anonymous reviewer whose reflections on the manuscript improved it in final revisions. And we appreciate the sturdy assistance of Marcie Reyn- olds and Stephanie Whitaker in organizing the conference, as well as the crucial aid of Tingting Ding, Amy Schoenecker, and Marilyn Getzov at critical points along the way. vii This page intentionally left blank Introduction Shadow Governments and the Remaking of the American Local State Dennis R. Judd, Evan McKenzie, and Alba Alexander T he essays that compose this book trace the outlines of an evolving institutional structure that has thoroughly altered the governance of America’s cities and urban regions. In the twenty- first century a “shadow local state” has emerged that is made up, on the one hand, of an extraordinarily complex mix of quasi- public and wholly pri- vatized institutions that have assumed responsibility for many of the policy initiatives and public services provided within urban re- gions. A second aspect of this shadow state is the diminishing sta- tus of the American municipality, which has offloaded many of its historic responsibilities onto a bewildering variety of quasi- public institutions. The result of this historic development is far-r eaching and rarely acknowledged: the municipality is no longer the privi- leged seat of governance in urban America. Much of the respon- sibility for governance, urban development, and the provision of public services is now located outside the municipality, in a local state made up of a multitude of institutions that exist largely beyond public awareness and accountability. The institutional structure of local governance has been evolv- ing for more than a century, but until recent decades it would have been appropriate to employ the term the local state to refer mainly to municipalities and their powers.1 For much of the nation’s 1
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