Priručnik za vojnika pešadije PDF
Preview Priručnik za vojnika pešadije
THE CAVALRY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC T H E C A V A L R Y O F T H E R O M A N R E P U B L I C Cavalry combat and elite reputations in the middle and late Republic Jeremiah B. McCall London and New York FOR OLIVIA Firstpublished2002 byRoutledge 11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EE SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 29West35thStreet,NewYork,NY10001 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” #2002JeremiahB.McCall Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData McCall,JeremiahB.,1972– ThecavalryoftheRomanrepublic:cavalrycombatandelitereputationsinthe MiddleandLateRepublic/JeremiahB.McCall. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Rome—Army—Cavalry.2.Nobility—Rome.3.Sociology,Military—Rome.4. Rome—History—Republic,265–30B.C. I.Title. UE79.M332001 0 0 357.10937—dc21 2001031770 ISBN 0-203-99661-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN0-415-25713-1(Print Edition) C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments vii List of abbreviations viii 1 Cavalry service and elite reputations: the problem of the citizen cavalry’s disappearance 1 2 Assessing the Roman cavalry’s military effectiveness 13 3 Equipment and tack 26 4 Roman cavalry tactics circa 300–100 53 5 Combat motivation: cavalry service and elite reputations 78 6 Dating the disappearance of the citizen cavalry corps 100 7 Alternative sources of prestige and the end of citizen cavalry service 114 Conclusion 137 Appendix 1 Diagrams of the battles of Cannae and Zama 142 v CONTENTS Appendix 2 Roman cavalry formations: some considerations 147 Appendix 3 The size of the cavalry class and the burden of cavalry service before the Social War 150 Notes 153 Bibliography 185 Index 194 vi A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S This book originated as my Ph.D. dissertation at the Ohio State University. Therefore, I owe the greatest debt to my advisor, Nate Rosenstein. For years he has challenged my thinking and encour- aged me to hone my skills as a historian. Without his thoughtful criticism, patience, and friendship, this book simply would not have been possible. The merits of this work are due in no small part to his efforts; I alone bear the responsibility for the imperfec- tions. I also thank Jack Balcer for years of advice and for his great generosity as a teacher and a friend. I owe greater thanks to more family members and friends than I canpossibleexpress.Iwilllimitmyselfheretothankingmyparents: June McCall, John McCall, John Pearson, and Andrea McCall. Their unstinting encouragement and affection remain priceless. Most importantly, I owe an immense debt to my wife, Olivia Westcott. Her love, support and encouragement have made the publication of this work both possible and worthwhile. Finally, for permission to reproduce photographs, I thank the British Museum and the E´cole Franc¸aise D’Athe`nes. February 24, 2001 Oakdale, Connecticut vii A B B R E V I A T I O N S AbhMu¨nch Abhandlungen der Philosophisch-philologischen Classe der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mu¨nchen AJA American Journal of Archeology AJP American Journal of Philology AncW Ancient World AntAfr Antiquite´s africaines Ath n.s. Athenaeum new series BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique C.I.L. Corpus Insciptionum Latinarum CP Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review DialArch Dialoghi di archeologia Historia Historia. Zeitschrift fu¨r alte Geschichte I.L.S. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae JMH Journal of Military History JRS Journal of Roman Studies ME´FR Me´langes d’arche´ologie et d’histoire de l’E´cole franc¸aise de Rome MilMit Militargeschichliche Mitteilungen Phoenix Phoenix. The Classical Association of Canada Rphil Revue de philologie, de litte´rature, et d’histoire anciennes RivFil Rivista di filologia e d’istruzione classica Wfut World Futures Whist War in History viii 1 C A V A L R Y S E R V I C E A N D E L I T E R E P U T A T I O N S The problem of the citizen cavalry’s disappearance ThroughoutthemiddleRepublicthewealthiestRomancitizenssup- pliedacavalrycontingenttoeveryfieldarmy.Eachcavalrymanwas liable to serve a maximum of ten years between the ages of 17 and 46. Cavalry service was a distinguished form of service and an importantmarkofelitestatus.Nevertheless,intheearlyfirstcentury B.C.1 tactical units of citizen cavalry disappeared and foreign auxili- aries supplied all of Rome’s cavalry. The Romans had ended an institution that had lasted for centuries. The traditional explanation for the end of the Roman citizen cavalry corps has persisted for the better part of a century and received wide support from historians. The Romans, according to this explanation, were simply poor cavalrymen. They lacked any native tradition of cavalry service, were unskilled as mounted war- riors,andwereineffectiveagainstenemycavalry.Onlytooawareof the deplorable abilities of their citizen cavalrymen, the Romans looked for a solution.2 Foreign auxiliary cavalry were the answer. Foreign peoples – particularly the Numidians, Spanish, and Gauls – possessed cavalryforcescategoricallysuperiortotheRomancitizen cavalry. Consequently, the Romans began to rely increasingly upon these superior foreign cavalry forces in the second century. Over time the auxiliaries replaced both the citizen cavalry and the Italian alliedcavalry.Bythefirstcenturytherewasnomilitaryneedforthe poorqualityRomano-Italiancavalry,andtheydisappearedfromthe legions.3 This traditional argument has substantial problems. No one has ever demonstrated the citizen cavalry’s ineffectiveness. To date there is no systematic analysis of the Roman cavalry’s military 1
The list of books you might like
