Principles of Neurological Surgery, 4ED

1062 Pages·2018·931.342 MB·English

by  Ellenbogen, Sekhar, Kitchen

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2015v1.0
Principles of
Neurological Surgery
This page intentionally left blank
Principles of
Neurological Surgery
Fourth Edition
Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD, FACS
Professor and Chairman
Theodore S. Roberts Endowed Chair
Department of Neurological Surgery
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Laligam N. Sekhar, MD, FACS, FAANS
Professor and Vice Chairman
Neurological Surgery
Harborview Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Neil D. Kitchen, MD, FRCS (SN)
Consultant Neurosurgeon
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
Queen Square
London, United Kingdom
Assistant Editor
Harley Brito da Silva, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery
Harborview Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, Washin~n
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PRINCIPLES OF NEUROWGICAL SURGERY, 4th edition ISBN: 978-0-323-43140-8
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Ubrary of Congraa Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ellenbogen, Richard G., editor. I Sekhar, Laligarn N., editor. I Kitchen, Neil D., editor.
Title: Principles of neurological surgery I [edited by] Richard G. Ellenbogen, Laligarn N. Sckhar, Neil D. Kitchen.
Description: Fourth edition. I Philaddphia, PA: Elsevier, [2018] I Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025873 I ISBN 9780323431408 (hardcover: alk. paper)
Subjects: I MESH: Neurosurgical Procedures I Nervous System Diseases-surgery
Classification: LCC RD593 I NLM WL 3681 DDC 617.4/S--dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025873
Content Stwzugirt: Belioda Kuhn
Content Dwtlopmmt Specitdist: Joanie Miles
Publishing Smlices Manager: Patricia Tannian
Projm MaMgtr: Ted Rodgers
Design Dirmion: Amy Buxton
Working together
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Sandy, Rache4 Paul, and Zach: Thank you for your patience, humor and love!
Rich Ellenbogen
I dedicate the book to my loving wife, Gordana; to my children, Daniela. Kris, and Raja,
who constantly inspire me to greatness; and to my student Harley Brito da Silva, who toiled
for countless hours helping to get this book finished.
Sekhar Laligam
To Mandy, Jim, Harry, and Molly
NeU Kitchen
Isaac Josh Abecassis, MD Rocco A. Armonda, MD
Department ofNeurological Surgery Associate Professor and Director
University ofWashington Department of Neurosurgery
Seaucle, Washin~on Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Chapter 42, Pineal Region Tumors Bethesda, Maryland;
Director, Neuroendovascular Surgery
Vijay Agarwal, MD MedStar Washington Hospital Center and Georgetown
Fellow in Neurosurgery University Hospital
Emory University School of Medicine Washin~on, D.C.
Atlanta, Georgia Chapter 27, Penetrating Brain Injury
Chapter 45, Endoscopic Approaches to Ventricular Tumors
and Colloid Cysts Lissa Baird, MD
Head of Pediatric Neurosurgery
Pankaj K. Agarwalla, MD Oregon Health and Science University
Department ofNeurosurgery Portland, Oregon
Massachusetts General Hospital Chapter 14, Nontraumatic Stroke in Children
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 50, Application ofCumnt Radiation Delivery James W. Bales, MD, PhD
Systems and Radiobiology Department of Neurological Surgery
University of Washington
Christopher S. Ahuja, MD Seaucle, Washin~on
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery Chapter 25, Closed Head Injury
University ofToronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nicholas C. Bambakidis, MD
Chapter 33, Spinal Cord Injury Professor of Neurosurgery
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Andrew Folusho Alalade, MBBS, MRCS, FRCS(SN), Director and Vice President of the Neurological Institute
FEBNS University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
Post-CCf Skull Base Fellow Clevdand, Ohio
Victor Horsley Department ofNeurosurgery Chapter 22, Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
London, United Kingdom Daniel L. Barrow, MD
Chapter 41, Convexity and Parasagittal Vmu.r Skull Base Pamda R. Rollins Professor and Chairman
Meningiomas Department of Neurosurgery
Emory University School of Medicine
Saira Alii, MBBS, BSc (Hons) Atlanta, Georgia
Neurosurgery Chapter 17, Anterior Circulation Aneurysms
Leeds General Infirmary
Leeds, Great Britain David F. Bauer, MD, FAANS, FAAP
Chapter 11, Posterior Fossa and Brainrtem Tumors in Children Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics
Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Kristian Aquilina, MD, FRCS Lebanon, New Hampshire
Consultant Paediatric Neurosurgeon Chapter 13, All Other Brain Tumors in Pediatrics
Great Ormond Street Hospital;
Honorary Senior Lecturer Jeffrey S. Beecher, DO
Devdopmental Neurosciences Programme Neurovascular Chief Fellow
UCL Institute of Child Health University at Buffalo, State University of New York
London, United Kingdom Buffalo, New York
Chapter 12, Craniopharyngiomas Chapter 23, Endovascular Treatment ofA cute Stroke and
Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease
VI
Contributors vii
LCDR Randy S. Bell, MD David W. Cadotte, MD
Assistant Professor Neurosurgery and Pediatrics Neurosurgery
Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences University ofToronto
Attending Neurosurgeon Toronto, Ontario, Canada
National Capital Neurosurgery Service Chapter 33, Spinal Cord Injury
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland Paolo Cappabianca, MD
Chapter 27. Pmetrating Brain Injury Professor and Chairman ofNeurological Surgery
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Antonio Belli, MD Napoli, Italy
Professor ofTrauma Neurosurgery Chapter 48, Endoscopic Approaches to SkuU Base Lesions
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, United Kingdom Luigi Maria Cavallo
Chapter 26, Critical Care Managemmt ofN eurosurgical Neurosurgery
Patients Department ofNeurosciences, Reproductive and
Odontostomatological Sciences
Edward C. Benzel, MD Universit3. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Emeritus Chairman ofNeurosurgery Napoli, Italy
Cleveland Clinic Chapter 48, Endoscopic Approaches to SkuU Base Lesions
Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 35, Degmerative Spinal Disease (Cervical) Alvin Y. Chan, MS
Chapter 36, Degmerative Spinal Disease (Lumbar) Medical College ofWisconsin
Milwaukee, W1Sconsin
Robert H. Bonow, MD Chapter 35, Degenerative Spinal Disease (Cervical)
Department of Neurological Surgery Chapter 36, Degmerative Spinal Disease (Lumbar)
University ofWashington
Seattle, Washington Roc Peng Chen, MD
Chapter 8, Hydrocephalus in Children Associate Professor ofNeurosurgery
Chapter 25, Closed Head Injury University ofTexas Health Science Center
Chapter 54. Spasticity: Classification, Diagnosis, and Houston (liTHealth) Medical School
Managemmt Houston, Texas
Chapter 21, Cavernous Malformations oft he Brain and
Umberto Marcello Bracale Spina/Cord
Unit ofVascular and Endovascular Surgery
Department of Public Health Peter A. Chiarelli, MD
Universita degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" Department ofNeurological Surgery
Naples, Italy University ofWashington
Chapter 48, Endoscopic Approaches to SkuU Base Lesions Seattle, Washington
Chapter 28, Traumatic Skull and Facial Fractures
Samuel R. Browd, MD, PhD Chapter 29, Injuries to the Cervical Spine
Professor ofNeurological Surgery
University ofWashington School of Medicine; Omar Choudhri, MD
Attending Neurosurgeon Department ofNeurosurgery
Seattle Children's Hospital Stanford University
Seattle, Washington Stanford, California
Chapter 8, Hydrocephalus in Children Chapter 21, Cavernous Malformations oft he Brain and
Chapter 54, Spasticity: Classification, Diagnosis, and Spina/Cord
Managemmt
Michelle Chowdhary, MD
Ketan Bulsara, MD Assistant Professor in Neurological Surgery
Neurosurgery Division Chief University ofWashington
UConn Health Seattle, Washington
Farmington, Connecticut Chapter 46, Microsurgical Approaches to the Vmtricular
Chapter 21, Cavernous Malformations oft he Brain and System
Spina/Cord
viii Contributors
Jason Chu, MD Michael C. Dewan, MD
Department ofNeurosurgery Department of Neurological Surgery
Emory University School of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia Nashville, Tennessee
Chapter 44, Pituitary Tumors: Diagnosis and Management Chapter 7, Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord
Lt. Michael J. Cirivello, MD Salvatore Di Maio, MCDM, FRCS(C)
Neurosurgery Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
National Capital Neurosurgery Consortium Jewish General Hospital
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center McGill University
Bethesda, Maryland Montreal, Canada
Chapter 27, Penetrating Brain Injury Chapter 47, Skull Base Tumors: Evaluation and Microsurgery
Pablo Picasso de Araujo Coimbra, MD Dale Ding, MD
Hospital Geral de Fortaleza Neurosurgery
Hospital Institute Dr. Jose Frota University of Virginia
Fortaleza, Brazil Charlottesville, Virginia
Chapter 59, Surgical Management ofI nfection oft he Central Chapter 16, General Principles for the Management of
Nervous System, Skull, and Spine !Wptured and Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Kelly L. Collins, MD Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD
Department ofNeurological Surgery Professor and Chairman
University ofWashington Department of Neurological Surgery
Seattle, Washington University of Washington
Chapter 54, Spasticity: Classification, Diagnosis, and Seattle, Washington
Management Chapter 3, Clinical Evaluation oft he Nervous System
Chapter 25, Closed Head Injury
Juliane Daartz, PhD Chapter 42, Pineal Region Tumors
Radiation Oncology Chapter 46, Microsurgical Approaches to the Ventricular
Massachusetts General Hospital System
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 50, Application ofC urrent Radiation Delivery Chibawanye Ene, MD, PhD
Systems and Radiobiology Department of Neurological Surgery
University of Washington
Oreste de Divitiis, MD Seattle, Washington
Division of Neurosurgery Chapter 54, Spasticity: Classification, Diagnosis, and
Department ofNeurosciences, Reproductive and Management
Odontostomatological Sciences
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Michael Fehlings, MD, PhD
Napoli, Italy Professor of Neurosurgery
Chapter 48, Endoscopic Approaches to Skull Base Lesions University ofToronto
Halbert Chair in Neural Repair and Regeneration at the
Wolfgang Deinsberger, MD, PhD University Health Network
Professor and Chairman Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Neurochirurgische Klinik Chapter 33. Spinal Cord Injury
Klinikum Kassd
Kassd, Germany Flavio Leitao de Carvalho Filho, MD
Chapter 59. Surgical Management ofI nfection oft he Central Hospital Geral de Fortaleza
Nervous System, Skull, and Spine Hospital Institute Dr. Jose Frota
Fortaleza, Brazil
Simone E. Dekker, MD, PhD Chapter 59. Surgical Management ofI nfection oft he Central
Postdoctoral fellow Nervous System, Skull, and Spine
Department ofNeurological Surgery
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
Clevdand, Ohio
Chapter 22, Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage