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Principles of Multimessenger Astronomy AAS Editor in Chief Ethan Vishniac, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA About the program: AAS-IOP Astronomy ebooks is the official book program of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), and aims to sharein depththe mostfascinating areas of astronomy, astrophysics, solar physics and planetary science. The program includes publications in the following topics: Books in the program range in level from short introductory texts on fast-moving areas,graduateandupper-levelundergraduatetextbooks,researchmonographsand practical handbooks. For a complete list of published and forthcoming titles, please visit iopscience.org/ books/aas. About the American Astronomical Society The American Astronomical Society (aas.org), established 1899, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. The membership (∼7,000) also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers and others whose research interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects now comprising the contemporary astronomical sciences. The mission of the Society is to enhance and share humanity’s scientific understanding of the universe. Editorial Advisory Board Steve Kawaler Joan Najita Iowa State University, USA National Optical Astronomy Observatory, USA Ethan Vishniac Johns Hopkins University, USA Daniel Savin Columbia University, USA Dieter Hartmann Clemson University, USA Stacy Palen Weber State University, USA Piet Martens Georgia State University, USA Jason Barnes University of Idaho, USA Dawn Gelino NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, James Cordes Caltech, USA Cornell University, USA Principles of Multimessenger Astronomy Miroslav D Filipovic´ and Nicholas F H Tothill School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK ªIOPPublishingLtd2021 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations. CertainimagesinthispublicationhavebeenobtainedbytheauthorsfromtheWikipedia/ Wikimediawebsite,wheretheyweremadeavailableunderaCreativeCommonslicenceorstated tobeinthepublicdomain. Pleaseseeindividualfigurecaptionsinthispublicationfordetails. To theextentthatthelawallows,IOPPublishingdisclaimanyliabilitythatanypersonmaysufferasa resultofaccessing,usingorforwardingtheimage(s). Anyreuserightsshouldbecheckedand permissionshouldbesoughtifnecessaryfromWikipedia/Wikimediaand/orthecopyrightowner (asappropriate)beforeusingorforwardingtheimage(s). PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought [email protected]. MiroslavDFilipovićandNicholasFHTothillhaveassertedtheirrighttobeidentifiedasthe authorsofthisworkinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988. ISBN 978-0-7503-2340-6(ebook) ISBN 978-0-7503-2338-3(print) ISBN 978-0-7503-2341-3(myPrint) ISBN 978-0-7503-2339-0(mobi) DOI 10.1088/2514-3433/ac087e Version:20210901 AAS–IOPAstronomy ISSN2514-3433(online) ISSN2515-141X(print) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London IOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,Bristol,BS16HG,UK USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia, PA19106,USA Coverimage:Artist’simpressionofablazar,atypeofactivegalaxywithoneofitsjetspointing towardEarth.Imagecredit:IceCube/NASA. I dedicate this book to my dearest Filipović family: Tatjana, Sofija, Jana, Miloš Koviljka,andDragoslav.IalsodedicatethisbooktomylategrandfatherMilanPere Filipović(1878–1959)whocourageouslyfoughtintheGreatWarforthefreedomand prideofallies.Finally,Idedicatethisbooktoafantasticchildhoodmemoryofmylate aunt Milka Polovina (1918–1996) who is my inspirational hero from World War II. In Serbian: Ovu knjigu posvećujem mojoj divnoj Filipović porodici: Tatjani, Sofiji, Jani, Milošu, Koviljki, i Dragoslavu. Takođe, ponosno je posvećujem i mom pradedi Milan-uPereFilipović-u(1878–1959)zanjegovoherojstvouVelikomratu.Nakraju, povećujem ovu knjigu i mojoj tetki—Milka Polovina (1918–1996)—mom inspirativnom heroju iz II svetskog rata. To Megan, Aidan, and Callum, who put up with the writing of this book; and to the many colleagues, teachers, and students who have given up their time to explain its contents to me over the years. Contents Preface xiv Acknowledgements xvi Author Biographies xvii Foreword xix 1 Introduction to Multimessenger Astronomy: Fusing Intellect 1-1 and Technology Through Telescopes 1.1 Dream Big 1-1 1.2 Four Astrophysical Messengers 1-2 1.3 A Brief History of Telescopes: From 1608 to Neutrino and 1-4 Gravitational Wave Telescopes 1.3.1 Optical Telescopes 1-4 1.3.2 Infrared Telescopes and Observatories 1-20 1.3.3 Radio Telescopes 1-25 1.3.4 X-ray Telescopes 1-30 1.3.5 Cosmic Rays, Extensive Air Showers, and Čerenkov Radiation 1-31 Telescopes 1.3.6 Gamma-ray Telescopes 1-33 1.3.7 Neutrino Astronomy: The Early Days 1-35 1.3.8 Brief History of Gravitational Wave Astronomy 1-37 1.4 Locations: From City to Space 1-40 1.4.1 What Gets in the Way? 1-40 1.4.2 Observatories and Experiments 1-43 1.4.3 Logistics 1-44 References 1-45 2 Electromagnetic Radiation 2-1 2.1 Understanding Light—A Brief History 2-1 2.1.1 Optics—Explaining Light 2-1 2.1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation—The Nature of Light 2-3 2.1.3 Photons—Quantized Light 2-4 2.2 The Physics of Electromagnetic Radiation 2-7 2.2.1 Wave Terminology 2-7 2.2.2 Maxwell’s equations 2-8 ix