Principles of Modern Radar, Volume 3 Radar Applications

821 Pages·2014·8.85 MB·English

by  William L. Melvin, James A. Scheer

Principles of Modern Radar
Principles of Modern Radar
Vol. III: Radar Applications
William L. Melvin
Georgia Institute of Technology
James A. Scheer
Georgia Institute of Technology
Edison, NJ
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Editor: Dudley R. Kay
Cover Design: Brent Beckley
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-1-89112-154-8 (hardback)
ISBN 978-1-61353-032-0 (PDF)
Typeset in India by MPS Limited
Printed in the USA by Sheridan Ltd
Printed in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon
Contents
Preface xi
Reviewer Acknowledgements xv
Editors and Contributors xvii
1 Radar Applications 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Perspective 2
1.3 Radar Measurements 5
1.4 Radar Frequencies 6
1.5 Radar Functions 8
1.6 U.S. Military Radar Nomenclature 9
1.7 Topics in Radar Applications 10
1.8 Comments 14
1.9 References 15
2 Continuous Wave Radar 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Continuous Wave Radar 21
2.3 Frequency Modulated CW Radar 26
2.4 Other CW Radar Waveform Designs 63
2.5 FMCW Radar Applications 67
2.6 References 82
3 MMW Radar Characteristics and Applications 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 The MMW Spectrum 88
3.3 Propagation at Higher Frequency 89
3.4 Antenna Beamwidth Considerations 93
3.5 MMW Performance Limitations 94
3.6 Typical Seeker or Smart Munition Configuration 98
3.7 MMW Radar Applications 108
v
vi Contents
3.8 MMW Future Trends 112
3.9 Further Reading 113
3.10 References 114
4 Fire-Control Radar 117
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Airborne Fire-Control Radar 123
4.3 Surface-Based Fire-Control Radar 160
4.4 Electronic Counter Countermeasures 170
4.5 The ‘‘AN’’ Equipment-Designation System 172
4.6 References 173
4.7 Further Reading 173
5 Airborne Pulse-Doppler Radar 175
5.1 Introduction 175
5.2 Geometry 177
5.3 The Doppler Shift and Motivation for Doppler Processing 181
5.4 Range and Doppler Distribution of Clutter 185
5.5 Contours of Constant Doppler and Range 196
5.6 Example Scenario 199
5.7 Pulse-Doppler Conceptual Approach 203
5.8 Ambiguities, Folded Clutter, and Blind Zones 216
5.9 Overview of PRF Regimes 226
5.10 High PRF Mode 228
5.11 Medium PRF Mode 235
5.12 Low PRF Mode 246
5.13 Summary 248
5.14 References 249
6 Multifunction Phased Array Radar Systems 251
6.1 Introduction 251
6.2 Operational Concepts and Military Utilities 254
6.3 MPARS Sizing and Performance Evaluation 257
6.4 ESA Overview 262
6.5 Radar Control and Resource Management 268
6.6 MPARS Technologies 276
6.7 MPARS Testing and Evaluation 280
Contents vii
6.8 Netcentric MPARS Applications 281
6.9 References 283
6.10 Further Reading 283
7 Ballistic Missile Defense Radar 285
7.1 Introduction 285
7.2 BMD Radar System Requirements 292
7.3 Radar Development for Ballistic Missile Defense 298
7.4 BMD Radar Design 307
7.5 BMD Radar Performance Estimation 312
7.6 References 321
7.7 Further Reading 322
8 Ground-Based Early Warning Radar (GBEWR): Technology and
Signal Processing Algorithms 323
8.1 Introduction 323
8.2 Phased Array Antenna 335
8.3 Transceiver 342
8.4 Waveforms and Signal Processing 348
8.5 Tracking 352
8.6 Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) Capabilities 357
8.7 Special Functions 359
8.8 Conclusions and Further Reading 376
8.9 References 377
9 Surface Moving Target Indication 383
9.1 Introduction 383
9.2 SMTI Radar Operation 390
9.3 Signal Models 393
9.4 SMTI Metrics 400
9.5 Antenna and Waveform Considerations 405
9.6 Clutter-Mitigation Approaches 410
9.7 Detection Processing 418
9.8 Angle and Doppler Estimation 421
9.9 Other Considerations 424
9.10 Summary 426
9.11 Further Reading 427
9.12 References 427
viii Contents
10 Space-Based SAR for Remote Sensing 431
10.1 Introduction 431
10.2 Historical Perspective 438
10.3 Orbits 451
10.4 Design Considerations for the Spaceborne SAR 457
10.5 Special Modes and Capabilities 473
10.6 Design Example: Germany’s TerraSAR-X 482
10.7 Summary 493
10.8 References 494
10.9 Further Reading 498
11 Passive Bistatic Radar 499
11.1 Introduction 499
11.2 Bistatic Radar 505
11.3 Passive Bistatic Radar Waveforms 509
11.4 The Signal Environment 519
11.5 Passive Bistatic Radar Techniques 524
11.6 Examples of Systems 527
11.7 Conclusions 536
11.8 References 537
11.9 Further Reading 540
12 Air Traffic Control Radar 543
12.1 Introduction – The Task of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 543
12.2 System Requirements/Mission 552
12.3 Design Issues 558
12.4 The Future of ATC Radar 582
12.5 Summary 585
12.6 Further Reading 585
12.7 Acknowledgments 585
12.8 References 585
13 Weather Radar 591
13.1 Introduction 591
13.2 Typical Weather-Radar Hardware 595
13.3 The Radar-Range Equation for Weather Radar 598
13.4 Doppler Processing 603
Contents ix
13.5 Hydrological Measurements 609
13.6 Characteristics of Some Meteorological Phenomena 615
13.7 Sun Echoes and Roost Rings 623
13.8 Advanced Processing and Systems 623
13.9 References 632
13.10 Further Reading 634
14 Foliage-Penetrating Radar 635
14.1 Introduction 635
14.2 History of Battlefield Surveillance 637
14.3 Foliage-Penetrating SAR Collection Systems 642
14.4 FOPEN Clutter Characteristics 645
14.5 Image Formation 654
14.6 Radio Frequency Interference 665
14.7 Target Detection and Characterization 676
14.8 Summary 684
14.9 References 685
14.10 Further Reading 688
15 Ground-Penetrating Radar 691
15.1 Overview 691
15.2 Pulsed Ground-Penetrating Radar System Design 697
15.3 GPR System Implementation and Test Results 731
15.4 Conclusions 746
15.5 References 746
16 Police Radar 749
16.1 Introduction 749
16.2 The History of Technologies that Enabled Police Radar 750
16.3 Review of Homodyne Radar Principles 751
16.4 The First Police Radar 753
16.5 The Cosine Error Caused by Improper Operation 754
16.6 The Next-Generation S-band Radar 755
16.7 The Move to X-band – 10 GHz 758
16.8 A Second Method Used to Achieve the Ferro-Magnetic
Circulator Function 763
16.9 Moving Radar with Improved Detection Range Capability 764