Principles of Modern Chemistry

1288 Pages·2012·75.3 MB·English

by  David W. Oxtoby

49315_fm_i-xxxvii.indd 4 4/27/11 12:42 PM
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7
m
8A(18) 2HeHelium4.0026 10NeNeon20.1797 18ArArgon39.948 36KrKrypton83.798 54XeXenon131.293 86RnRadon(222) 118——(294) 71LuLutetium174.9668 103Lrawrenciu(262)
L y
3A4A5A6A7A(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) 65987CBFONCarbonBoronFluorineOxygenNitrogen12.010710.81118.998415.999414.0067 1716151413ClSPSiAlChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminum2B35.45332.06530.973828.085526.9815(12) 343332313035BrSeAsGeGaZnBromineSeleniumArsenicGermaniumGalliumZinc79.90478.9674.921672.6469.72365.38 535251504948ITeSbSnInCdIodineTelluriumAntimonyTinIndiumCadmium126.9045127.60121.760118.710114.818112.411 858483828180AtPoBiPbTlHgAstatinePoloniumBismuthLeadThalliumMercury(210)(209)208.9804207.2204.3833200.59 113114115116112——————————(285)(287)(288)(284)(293) 676865666970TbDyErTmYbHoTerbiumDysprosiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumHolmium158.9254162.500167.259168.9342173.054164.9303 100979899101102BkCfEsFmMdNoBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium(247)(251)(252)(257)(258)(259) al Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has officialloved a name are indicated by their chemical symbols in this orted in the literature but not yet officially sanctioned and mber. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112 ame had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.
LEMENTS Main group metals Transition metals Metalloids Nonmetals, noble gases 8B1B8B8B(10)(11)(8)(9) 26272928FeCoCuNiIronCobaltCopperNickel55.84558.933263.54658.6934 46444547RuRhPdAgRutheniumRhodiumSilverPalladium101.07102.9055107.8682106.42 76777978OsIrPtAuOsmiumIridiumGoldPlatinum190.23192.217196.9666195.084 111110108109RgDsHsMtRoentgeniumDarmstadtiumHassiumMeitnerium(280)(281)(277)(276) 63646162EuGdPmSmEuropiumGadoliniumPromethiumSamarium151.964157.25(145)150.36 95969394AmCmNpPuAmericiumCuriumNeptuniumPlutonium(243)(247)(237)(244) Elements for which the Internationsanctioned the discovery and apprtable. Elements that have been repnamed are indicated by atomic nuin July 2009, but at that time this n
E
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE KEY Atomic number79AuSymbolGoldName1Atomic weight196.9665HHydrogenAn element1.0079 2A1A(2)(1) 34LiBeLithiumBeryllium6.9419.0122 1112NaMgSodiumMagnesium3B4B5B6B7B22.989824.3050(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) 19202122232425ScTiVCrMnKCaPotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganese39.098340.07844.955947.86750.941551.996154.9380 37394041424338RbSrYZrNbMoTcRubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetium85.467887.6288.905891.22492.906495.96(98) 56555772737475CsLaHfTaWReBaCesiumLanthanumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumBarium132.9055138.9055178.49180.9479183.84186.207137.327 888910510610787104FrRaAcRfDbSgBhFranciumRadiumActiniumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohrium(223)(226)(227)(267)(268)(271)(272) umbers in parentheses are mass umbers of radioactive isotopes. 596058CePrNd6LanthanidesCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymium140.116140.9076144.242 909192ThPaU7ActinidesThoriumProtactiniumUranium232.0381231.0359238.0289 HeThis icon appears throughout the NeFONCBBeArSPSiAlMgClbook to help locate elements of KrSeAsGeGaZnCuNiCaScTiVCrMnFeCoBrinterest in the periodic table. The XeTeSbSnInCdAgSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdILaHfTaWReOsIrBaRnPoBiPbTlHgAuPtAthalogen group is shown here.RfDbSgBhHsMt——————RgDsRaAc CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nn H LiNaKRbCsFr
Periodnumber Group number,U.S. system Group number,IUPAC system
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Standard Atomic Weights Based on Relative Atomic Mass of 12C 5 12, where 12C is a neutral atom
of the Elements 2009, IUPAC in its nuclear and electronic ground state.1
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol Number Weight Name Symbol Number Weight
Actinium2  Ac  89   (227)  Molybdenum  Mo  42  95.96(2)
Aluminum  Al  13  26.981 5386(8)  Neodymium  Nd  60  144.242(3)
Americium2  Am  95   (243)  Neon  Ne  10  20.1797(6)
Antimony  Sb  51  121.760(1)  Neptunium2  Np  93   (237)
Argon  Ar  18  39.948(1)  Nickel  Ni  28  58.6934(4)
Arsenic  As  33  74.921 60(2)  Niobium  Nb  41  92.906 38(2)
Astatine2  At  85   (210)  Nitrogen  N  7  14.0067(2)
Barium  Ba  56  137.327(7)  Nobelium2  No  102   (259)
Berkelium2  Bk  97   (247)  Osmium  Os  76  190.23(3)
Beryllium  Be  4  9.012 182(3)  Oxygen  O  8  15.9994(3)
Bismuth  Bi  83  208.980 40(1)  Palladium  Pd  46  106.42(1)
Bohrium2  Bh  107   (272)  Phosphorus  P  15  30.973 762(2)
Boron  B  5  10.811(7)  Platinum  Pt  78  195.084(9)
Bromine  Br  35  79.904(1)  Plutonium2  Pu  94   (244)
Cadmium  Cd  48  112.411(8)  Polonium2  Po  84   (209)
Calcium  Ca  20  40.078(4)  Potassium  K  19  39.0983(1)
Californium2  Cf  98   (251)  Praseodymium  Pr  59  140.907 65(2)
Carbon  C  6  12.0107(8)  Promethium2  Pm  61   (145)
Cerium  Ce  58  140.116(1)  Protactinium2  Pa  91  231.035 88(2)
Cesium  Cs  55  132.905 4519(2)  Radium2  Ra  88   (226)
Chlorine  Cl  17  35.453(2)  Radon2  Rn  86   (222)
Chromium  Cr  24  51.9961(6)  Rhenium  Re  75  186.207(1)
Cobalt  Co  27  58.933 195(5)  Rhodium  Rh  45  102.905 50(2)
Copper  Cu  29  63.546(3)  Roentgenium2  Rg  111   (280)
Curium2  Cm  96   (247)  Rubidium  Rb  37  85.4678(3)
Darmstadtium2  Ds  110   (281)  Ruthenium  Ru  44  101.07(2)
Dubnium2  Db  105   (268)  Rutherfordium2  Rf  104   (267)
Dysprosium  Dy  66  162.500(1)  Samarium  Sm  62  150.36(2)
Einsteinium2  Es  99   (252)  Scandium  Sc  21  44.955 912(6)
Erbium  Er  68  167.259(3)  Seaborgium2  Sg  106   (271)
Europium  Eu  63  151.964(1)  Selenium  Se  34  78.96(3)
Fermium2  Fm  100   (257)  Silicon  Si  14  28.0855(3)
Fluorine  F  9  18.998 4032(5)  Silver  Ag  47  107.8682(2)
Francium2  Fr  87   (223)  Sodium  Na  11  22.989 769 28(2)
Gadolinium  Gd  64  157.25(3)  Strontium  Sr  38  87.62(1)
Gallium  Ga  31  69.723(1)  Sulfur  S  16  32.065(5)
Germanium  Ge  32  72.64(1)  Tantalum  Ta  73  180.947 88(2)
Gold  Au  79  196.966 569(4)  Technetium2  Tc  43   (98)
Hafnium  Hf  72  178.49(2)  Tellurium  Te  52  127.60(3)
Hassium2  Hs  108   (277)  Terbium  Tb  65  158.925 35(2)
Helium  He  2  4.002 602(2)  Thallium  Tl  81  204.3833(2)
Holmium  Ho  67  164.930 32(2)  Thorium2  Th  90  232.038 06(2)
Hydrogen  H  1  1.00794(7)  Thulium  Tm  69  168.934 21(2)
Indium  In  49  114.818(3)  Tin  Sn  50  118.710(7)
Iodine  I  53  126.904 47(3)  Titanium  Ti  22  47.867(1)
Iridium  Ir  77  192.217(3)  Tungsten  W  74  183.84(1)
Iron  Fe  26  55.845(2)  Uranium2  U  92  238.028 91(3)
Krypton  Kr  36  83.798(2)  Vanadium  V  23  50.9415(1)
Lanthanum  La  57  138.905 47(7)  Xenon  Xe  54  131.293(6)
Lawrencium2  Lr  103   (262)  Ytterbium  Yb  70  173.054(5)
Lead  Pb  82  207.2(1)  Yttrium  Y  39  88.905 85(2)
Lithium  Li  3  [6.941(2)]†  Zinc  Zn  30  65.38(2)
Lutetium  Lu  71  174.9668(1)  Zirconium  Zr  40  91.224(2)
Magnesium  Mg  12  24.3050(6)  —2,3,4    112   (285)
Manganese  Mn  25  54.938 045(5)  —2,3    113   (284)
Meitnerium2  Mt  109   (276)  —2,3    114   (287)
Mendelevium2  Md  101   (258)  —2,3    115   (288)
Mercury  Hg  80  200.59(2)  —2,3    116   (293)
          —2,3    118  (294)
1. The atomic weights of many elements vary depending on the origin and treatment of the sample. This is particularly true for Li; commercially available lithium-containing  
materials have Li atomic weights in the range of 6.939 and 6.996. Uncertainties are given in parentheses following the last significant figure to which they are attributed.
2. Elements with no stable nuclide; the value given in parentheses is the atomic mass number of the isotope of longest known half-life. However, three such elements (Th,  
Pa, and U) have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and the atomic weight is tabulated for these.
3.. Not yet named.
4. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112 in July 2009, but at that time this name had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.
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PRINCIPLES OF
MODERN CHEMISTRY
sEVENTH EDI TI ON
DAVID W. OXTOBY
Pomona College
H.P. GILLIs
University of California—Los Angeles
ALA N CAMPION
The University of Texas at Austin
Images of orbitals in Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 8 contributed by
HATEM H. HELAL
California Institute of Technology and Cambridge University, UK
KELLY P. GAITHER
The University of Texas at Austin
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Principles of Modern Chemistry, © 2012, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
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I N APPRECI ATI O N OF
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
Karl F. Freed
William M. Gelbart
our PhD advisers
for their distinguished careers in scientific research and education
The search for truth is in one way hard and in another easy, for it is evident that no one can
master it fully or miss it completely.
But each adds a little to our knowledge of nature, and from all the facts assembled there
arises a certain grandeur.
(Greek inscription, taken from Aristotle, on the facade of the National Academy of Sciences
building in Washington, D.C.)
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