Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery: Basic and Advanced Techniques PDF
Preview Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery: Basic and Advanced Techniques
Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery EDITORS Maurice E. Arregui Robert J. Fitzgibbons, Jr. Namir Katkhouda J. Barry McKernan Harry Reich With Foreword by Lawrence W. Way Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery Basic and Advanced Techniques With 688 Illustrations in 762 Parts, 113 in Full Color Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Maurice E. Arregui, M.D. Director, Fellowship in Laparoscopy, Endoscopy, and Ultrasound, St. Vincent Hospitals and Health Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Robert J. Fitzgibbons, Jr., M.D. Professor of Surgery, Chief of General Surgery, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Namir Katkhouda, M.D. Associate Professor of Surgery, Chief, Division of Outpatient and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Director, Minimally Invasive Surgery Program and Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA J. Barry McKernan, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical Professor of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia; Clinical Professor of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Marietta Surgery Center, Marietta, Georgia, USA Harry Reich, M.D. Advanced Laparoscopic Consultant, Wyoming Valley Health Care System, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; New York Center for Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery, New Rochelle, New York, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pnblication Data Principles of laparoscopic surgery: basic and advanced techniques 1 [edited by] Maurice E. Arregui. " let al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7555-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-2480-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2480-8 I. Arregui, Maurice E., 1951- [DNLM: 1. Surgery, Laparoscopic-methods. WO 500 P569 1995] RD33.53.P75 1995 617' .05-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 94-22505 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1995 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1995 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Production coordinated by Impressions Publishing Services and managed by Laura Carlson; manufac turing supervised by Jacqui Ashri. Typeset by Impressions, a division of Edwards Brothers, Inc., Madison, WI. 9 8 7 6 5 432 1 Foreword In the five years since laparoscopic methods have gained widespread use in general surgery, a wealth of experience has accumulated. The surgical pioneers who rec ognized the potential value of laparoscopy for treatment many years previously certainly deserve a great deal of credit for their farsightedness. In a sense, however, the changes of the past few years amount to the development of a whole new branch of surgery. The rate of change has produced an intense demand for the surgical community to gather, structure, and disseminate the newly acquired knowledge. The safety and efficacy of this enormous shift in surgical practice hinges on this process. In Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery, the editors have asked a select group of expert surgeons to present what amounts to an encyclopedic account of current laparoscopic surgical practice. The detailed but varying opinions on the manage ment of gallbladder and complex pancreaticobiliary disease are unique to this vol ume. Not only are varying surgical viewpoints presented, but gastroenterologists and radiologists also describe alternative methods of management. Because lapa roscopic cholecystectomy is the most developed and most common procedure, Chapters 11 and 12 give an especially detailed overview, including clinical data to support each author's views. The editors have also included information from re lated fields in evolution, including minimally invasive urology, gynecology, and vas cular and cardiovascular surgery. Aiming to be comprehensive, the coverage in cludes advances as well as basic instrumentation and techniques. Potential complications are described to help surgeons avoid the pitfalls that lead to compli cations. The new scientific information concerning electrocautery, fiberoptics, the rod-lens system, video cameras, lasers, and shock wave technology is presented in detail. Thus, this reference book thoroughly covers the indications, technique, and re sults of surgicallaparoscopy. It is a detailed, authoritative work that should be of great use to both the novice and advanced laparoscopic surgeon. January 1995 LAWRENCE W. WAY, M.D. San Francisco, California Professor of Surgery University of California v Preface Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is today's gold standard for managing symptomatic cholelithiasis. This technique represents a milestone in the management of a com mon surgical disease. Globally, millions of patients have benefited. More impor tantly, however, it symbolizes a change in the mindset of general surgeons from that of traditional followers to that of innovative thinkers willing to take the challenge of progress in a field of medicine which had grown staid. This redemption of thought and spirit represents the renaissance of general surgery which has created a new essence for progress that has spread like wildfire throughout the world to include not only wealthy industrialized societies, but also encompassing less advantaged countries with limited economic reserve. This new raison d'etre has inspired the applications of minimally invasive surgery to other organs and disease processes, creating an avalanche of ideas and techniques designed to correct or ameliorate surgical diseases in a more humane manner. Thousands of surgeons internationally have taken courses and precepted to learn laparoscopic methods. Numerous textbooks, journals, newsletters, videotapes, and now CD-ROMs have been produced to provide the information surgeons thirst for. To date, most of these textbooks have been written in "cookbook" fashion provid ing a step-by-step description of "how I do it." Because most of these early text books have been written at a time when little clinical data had accumulated and only few surgeons had significant experience, they were appropriate. Unlike these earlier books, Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery is a complete textbook on basic and advanced techniques in minimally invasive surgery. This textbook not only describes the techniques used, but it presents the rationale for their use and clinical material to support it. Because minimally invasive techniques have truly been de veloped in a worldwide arena, internationally renown experts have been invited to contribute. Moreover, because minimally invasive techniques are used in various specialties, innovators in vascular surgery, cardiology, radiology, urology, and gy necology have been asked to share their ideas and experiences. Laparoscopic cho lecystectomy and laparoscopic common bile duct explorations exemplify our bor rowing equipment developed for gynecologic and urologic purposes, and adapted to general surgical problems. Likewise, knowledge of techniques and technology developed in other fields may find application in other problems faced by the gen eral surgeon or other specialists working with minimally invasive approaches. Section I provides essential information on equipment and basic techniques. Nursing and anesthetic considerations are covered in detail. Credentialling, training concepts and guidelines are developed. In Section II, the various organ systems are approached with minimally invasive techniques that include not only different lap aroscopic approaches, but also the options of endoscopic and radiologic approaches which are presented by both surgical and nonsurgical colleagues. These various alternative techniques are described by experts who defend their rationale with extensive clinical data. These approaches are also compared with the traditional vii Vlll Preface open methods to try to place the newer techniques in perspective. Section III looks at the important developments in the specialty areas, with an extensive look into gynecology and urology. Angioscopy in venous and arterial intraluminal surgery provides a window to potential developments that may find applications in abdom inal surgery. Three-dimensional ultrasound reconstruction of arterial plaques pro vide a titillating preview of an exciting new imaging modality. Section IV deals extensively with the technology presently being used and provides an insight into potentially useful future technology. The surgeon will have the opportunity to better understand the mechanisms of tissue ablation with laser and electrocautery, the dynamics of stone destruction with electrohydraulic and shock wave lithotripsy, as well as the physics of light and image transmission necessary to couple intraperi toneal images to the video screen. The editors hope that this textbook will provide the surgeon with the techniques, and clinical and scientific information necessary to advance his or her skills in this modern era of surgery. Maurice E. Arregui Contents Foreword ................................................................................................ v Preface ................................................................................................... Vll Contributors ........................................................................................... XVll Section I. Basic Laparoscopic Techniques................................................. 1 1. A History of Endoscopic Surgery ................................................... 3 Chad 1. Davis and Charles 1. Filipi 2. Basic Equipment and Instrumentation ............................................ 21 Harry Reich and 1. Barry McKernan 3. Electrosurgery Techniques of Cutting and Coagulation.................... 30 Mohan C. Airan and Sung-Tao Ko 4. Suturing Techniques...................................................................... 35 Henry L. Laws 5. Current Concepts in Operative Surgery Using Video endoscopically Assisted Mechanical-Suture Techniques.......................................... 46 Felicien M. Steichen, Roger Welter, Hee Yang, Edward B. Sottile, and Vito A. Marrero 6. Sterilization and Disinfection of Laparoscopic Equipment ................ 66 David W. Duppler 7. Complications of Laparoscopic Surgery 71 Avram M. Cooperman 8. Anesthesia .................................................................................... 78 8.1. Anesthetic Implications of Laparoscopy, Thoracoscopy, and Hysteroscopy ................................................................................ 79 Martin B. Wehlage 8.2. Local Anesthesia in Laparoscopy 87 Barry A. Salky IX x Contents 9. The Team: Nursing's Perspective .................................................... 91 Nissa Partain De Lisle, Karen Denise Jackson, Vangie Paschall, and Kevin Wagner 10. Teaching, Credentialling, and Privileging ........................................ 101 Theodore R. Schrock and Thomas L. Dent Section II. Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy in General Snrgery .................. 107 11. Biliary Tract Disease ..................................................................... 109 11.1. The Development of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Its Impact .......................................................................................... 110 Jacques Perissat 11.2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ....................................................... 113 David E. Pitcher, Daniel T. Martin, and Karl A. Zucker 11.3. Intraoperative Cholangiography-Routine ...................................... 129 Jonathan M. Sackier 11.4. Selective Cholangiography ............................................................. 139 Mark A. Talamini 11.5. Laparoscopic Ultrasound of the Biliary Tree ................................... 143 M.A. Rothlin 11.6. Percutaneous Management of Gallbladder Stones 150 Sarah Cheslyn-Curtis and R. C. G. Russell 11.7. Ablation of the Gallbladder Mucosa ............................................... 159 Robert C. Hall 11.8. Complications of the Biliary Tract ................ .......... .............. .......... 164 Gene D. Branum and William C. Meyers 12. Management of Common Bile Duct Stones..................................... 171 12.1. The Evolution of Common Bile Duct (CBD) Stone Removal........... 172 George Berci 12.2. The Evolving Role of ERCP in the Era of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ........................................................................... 175 Jorge Navarrete, Joel C. Hammond, and Maurice E. Arregui 12.3. Intraoperative Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) ........................................................................................ 185 Aurea Ludovico de Paula, Kiyoshi Hashiba, and Mauro Bafutto 12.4. Laparoscopic Management of Common Bile Duct Calculi................ 191 Edward H. Phillips 12.5. Laparoscopic Choledochotomy for Management of Common Bile Duct Stones and Other Common Bile Duct Diseases ....................... 197 Morris E. Franklin, Jr. Contents Xl 12.6. Fluoroscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ....................................................... 205 Brock M. Bordelon and John G. Hunter 12.7. Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy of Common Bile Duct Stones .......... ,. ... 211 Osman Yucel and Maurice E. Arregui 12.8. Biliary Laser Lithotripsy................................................................ 217 Desmond H. Birkett 12.9. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in the Management of Common Bile Duct Stones............................................................. 222 Frederic E. Eckhauser and Steven E. Raper 12.10. Radiologic Management of Biliary Stone Disease ............................ 227 Eric vanSonnenberg, Gerhard R. Wittich, Oliver Esch, Eric M. Walser, and Robert Morgan 13. Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery .................................................... 231 13.1. Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......................................................................................... 232 Charles J. Filipi, Ronald A. Hinder, and Robert J. Fitzgibbons, Jr. 13.2. Laparoscopic Rossetti Fundoplication for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux ............................................................... 243 Namir Katkhouda and Jean Mouiel 14. Laparoscopic Surgery of the Stomach ............................................. 247 14.1. Principles of Peptic Ulcer Surgery .................................................. 248 Namir Katkhouda, Johannes Heimbucher, and Jean Mouiel 14.2. Laparoscopic Vagotomies for Elective Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease......................................................................................... 252 Namir Katkhouda and Jean Mouiel 14.3. Treatment of Complications of Peptic Ulcers 260 Namir Katkhouda and Jean Mouiel 15. Laparoscopic Appendectomy ......................................................... 268 Brian C. Organ 16. Laparoscopic Small-Bowel Surgery ................................................. 278 Daniel T. Martin, David E. Pitcher, and Karl A. Zucker 17. Laparoscopic Surgery for Adhesiolysis ............................................ 283 Harry Reich 18. Colon and Rectum ........................................................................ 299 18.1. Laparoscopic Surgery of the Colon and Rectum .............................. 300 Morris E. Franklin, Jr.
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