Principles of International Environmental Law PDF
Preview Principles of International Environmental Law
Principles of International Environmental Law ThisnewandfullyupdatededitionofPrinciplesofInternationalEnvironmentalLawoffersa comprehensiveandcriticalaccountofoneofthefastestgrowingareasofinternationallaw:theprinciples andrulesrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection. Introducingthereadertothekeyfoundationalprinciples,governancestructuresandregulatory techniques,PrinciplesofInternationalEnvironmentalLawexploreseachofthemajorareasofinternational environmentalregulationthroughsubstantivechapters,includingclimatechange,atmospheric protection,oceansandfreshwater,biodiversity,chemicalsandwasteregulation.Theever-increasing overlapwithotherareasofinternationallawisalsoexploredthroughexaminationoftheinterlinkages betweeninternationalenvironmentallawandotherareasofinternationalregulation,suchastrade,human rights,humanitarianlawandinvestmentlaw. Incorporatingthelatestdevelopmentsintreatyandcaselawforkeyareasofenvironmentalregulation, thistextisanessentialreferenceandtextbookforadvancedundergraduateandpostgraduatestudents, academicsandpractitionersofinternationalenvironmentallaw. PhilippeSandsisProfessorofLawandDirectoroftheCentreonInternationalCourtsandTribunalsinthe UCLFacultyofLaws.Heisalsoapractisingbarrister,withextensiveexperiencelitigatingcasesbefore theInternationalCourtofJustice,theInternationalTribunalfortheLawoftheSea,theInternationalCentre fortheSettlementofInvestmentDisputesandtheEuropeanCourtofJustice. JacquelinePeelisaprofessorandAssociateDirectoroftheCentreforResources,EnergyandEnvironmental LawattheUniversityofMelbourneLawSchool,withabackgroundinenvironmentalscienceandlaw. Shehastaughtmanycoursesonenvironmentallaw,internationalenvironmentallawandclimatechange law,andhaspublishedwidelyinthefield. Principles of International Environmental Law FOURTH EDITION Philippe Sands UniversityCollegeLondon Jacqueline Peel UniversityofMelbourne With Adriana Fabra UniversitatdeBarcelona Ruth MacKenzie UniversityofWestminster UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06-04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108420952 DOI:10.1017/9781108355728 ©PhilippeSands,JacquelinePeel,AdrianaFabraandRuthMacKenzie2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirstpublishedbyManchesterUniversityPress1995 SecondeditionpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress2003 ThirdeditionCambridgeUniversityPress2012 FourtheditionCambridgeUniversityPress2018 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Sands,Philippe,1960-author.|Peel,Jacqueline,1974-author.|FabraAguilar,Adriana,1966-author.| MacKenzie,Ruth,1964-author. Title:Principlesofinternationalenvironmentallaw/PhilippeSands,UniversityCollege,London;JacquelinePeel,Universityof Melbourne;AdrianaFabra,UniversitatdeBarcelona;RuthMacKenzie,UniversityofWestminster. Description:Fourthedition.|Cambridge;NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]|Includesbibliographicalreferences andindex. Identifiers:LCCN2017027458|ISBN9781108420952(hardback:alk.paper)|ISBN9781108431125(paperback) Subjects:LCSH:Environmentallaw,International. Classification:LCCK3585.S2652018|DDC344.04/6–dc23LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017027458 ISBN978-1-108-42095-2Hardback ISBN978-1-108-43112-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Foreword xxi PrefaceandAcknowledgementstotheFourthEdition xxv PrefaceandAcknowledgementstotheThirdEdition xxvii PrefaceandAcknowledgementstotheSecondEdition xxix PrefaceandAcknowledgementstotheFirstEdition xxxi TableofCases xxxv TableofTreatiesandOtherInternationalInstruments xxxix ListofAbbreviations lxv PART I THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 1 The Environment and International Society: Issues, Concepts and Definitions 3 ChapterOutline 3 Introduction:TheEnvironmentalChallenge 3 TheBasisforDecision-Making:Science,EconomicsandOtherValues 6 Science 6 Economics 8 OtherSocialObjectives 9 SustainableDevelopment 9 TheInternationalLegalOrder 10 TheFunctionsofInternationalLaw 11 SovereigntyandTerritory 12 InternationalActors 13 TheEnvironmentandInternationalLaw:DefiningTerms 14 ChallengesforInternationalEnvironmentalLaw 16 FurtherReading 17 InternationalEnvironmentalLaw:Texts,ArticlesandHistory 17 SourcesofInternationalEnvironmentalLaw 19 PrimaryMaterials 19 InternationalEnvironmentalJurisprudence 20 SecondaryMaterials–Journals 20 Websites 20 v vi Contents 2 History 21 ChapterOutline 21 Introduction 21 FromEarlyFisheriesConventionstotheCreationoftheUnitedNations 22 FromtheCreationoftheUnitedNationstoStockholm:1945–72 26 UNCCUR 26 DevelopmentofInternationalEnvironmentalRules 27 The1972UnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment 29 StockholmFollow-up 32 FromStockholmtoRio:1972–92 33 Post-Stockholm:TreatiesandOtherInternationalActs 33 1978UNEPDraftPrinciples 35 1981MontevideoProgramme 36 1982WorldCharterforNature 37 1980WorldConservationStrategy/1991‘CaringfortheEarth’Strategy 38 TheBrundtlandReportandtheReportoftheLegalExpertsGroup 38 Lead-uptoUNCED 39 UNCED 40 TheRioDeclaration 41 Agenda21 43 UNCEDFollow-up 45 BeyondUNCED:TrendsandDirections 46 WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment 48 Rio+20Summit 48 PostRio+20Follow-up:InstitutionalReformandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals 49 Conclusions 50 FurtherReading 51 3 Governance: States, International Organisations and Non-State Actors 52 ChapterOutline 52 Introduction 52 States 53 InternationalOrganisations 55 HistoryofInternationalOrganisationalArrangements 55 UNCED,WSSDandtheRio+20Summit 56 TheFunctionandRoleofInternationalOrganisations 57 GlobalOrganisations 59 UnitedNations(www.un.org) 59 Coordination 60 UNGeneralAssembly 61 UNEnvironmentProgramme(www.unep.org) 63 UNDevelopmentProgramme(www.undp.org) 65 InternationalLawCommission(www.un.org/law/ilc) 66 High-LevelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment(sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf) 67 OtherSubsidiaryBodiesEstablishedbytheGeneralAssembly 68 EconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC) 69 SecurityCouncil 71 TrusteeshipCouncil 72 InternationalCourtofJustice(www.icj-cij.org) 72 UnitedNationsSpecialisedAgenciesandRelatedOrganisations 73 FoodandAgricultureOrganization(www.fao.org) 73 vii Contents UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(www.unesco.org) 74 InternationalMaritimeOrganization(www.imo.org) 75 InternationalLabourOrganization(www.ilo.org) 76 WorldMeteorologicalOrganization(www.wmo.int) 76 InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(www.icao.int) 77 UNIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(www.unido.org) 77 WorldHealthOrganization(www.who.int) 77 InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(www.iaea.org) 78 WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund,andWorldTradeOrganization 79 CooperativeArrangements 81 OtherGlobalInstitutions 81 RegionalandSubregionalOrganisations 82 EuropeandtheOECD 82 Africa 86 AmericasandtheCaribbean 86 AsiaPacific 87 OrganisationsEstablishedbyEnvironmentalTreaties 88 Non-StateActors 89 ScientificCommunity 90 Environmental,HealthandDevelopmentalOrganisations 91 LegalGroups 92 CorporateSector 92 IndividualsandIndigenousCommunities 94 TheMedia 95 Conclusions 96 FurtherReading 97 4 International Lawmaking and Regulation 101 ChapterOutline 101 Introduction 101 Treaties 104 EnvironmentalTreaties 106 TheTreaty-MakingProcess 106 The1969ViennaConventionandLegalIssuesRelatingtoTreaties 107 Interpretation 108 EntryintoForce 110 ReservationsandInterpretativeDeclarations 111 RelationsbetweenInternationalAgreements 113 Amendment 115 OtherInternationalActs 116 ActsofInternationalOrganisations 116 ConferenceDeclarationsandOtherActs 118 CustomaryInternationalLaw 119 StatePractice 120 OpinioJuris 121 TreatiesandCustom 122 PersistentObjector 124 RegionalCustom 124 GeneralPrinciplesofInternationalLaw 125 Equity 126 SubsidiarySources 127 IntroductiontoRegulatoryApproaches 128 viii Contents DirectRegulation 129 EnvironmentalQualityStandards 129 ProductStandards 130 EmissionsStandards 131 ProcessStandards 131 EconomicInstruments 132 ChargesandTaxes 134 TradeablePermitSchemes 135 Deposit-RefundSystems 136 Subsidies 136 EnforcementIncentives 136 LiabilityandCompensationforDamage 137 TradeMeasures 137 InvestmentIncentives 137 VoluntaryApproaches 138 ConsumerInformationIncentives 138 IntegratedEnvironmentalManagement 139 Conclusions 141 FurtherReading 142 5 Compliance: Implementation, Enforcement, Dispute Settlement 144 ChapterOutline 144 Introduction 144 Implementation 147 NationalLaw 147 NationalCompliance 148 Reporting 152 InternationalEnforcement 153 EnforcementbyStates 153 DamagetoaState’sOwnEnvironment 154 DamagetotheEnvironmentofAnotherState 155 DamagetotheEnvironmentinAreasBeyondNationalJurisdiction 155 EnforcementbyInternationalOrganisations 160 EnforcementbyNon-StateActors 163 EnforcementintheNationalCourts 164 InternationalEnforcement 166 InternationalSettlementofDisputes 167 Introduction 167 DiplomaticMeansofDisputeSettlement 168 NegotiationandConsultation 168 Mediation,Conciliation,Fact-FindingandInternationalInstitutions 170 Non-ComplianceProcedures 172 InspectionProceduresofMultilateralDevelopmentBanks 176 NAFTACommissiononEnvironmentalCooperation 177 LegalMeansofDisputeSettlement 178 Arbitration 178 InternationalCourts 180 InternationalCourtofJustice 180 UNCLOSandITLOS 184 WTODisputeSettlementBody 186 EuropeanCourtofJusticeandCourtofFirstInstance 187 HumanRightsCourts 189 ix Contents Conclusions 190 FurtherReading 192 PART II PRINCIPLES AND RULES ESTABLISHING STANDARDS 6 General Principles and Rules 197 ChapterOutline 197 Introduction 197 PrinciplesandRules 199 SovereigntyOverNaturalResourcesandtheResponsibilityNottoCauseDamagetothe EnvironmentofOtherStatesortoAreasBeyondNationalJurisdiction 201 SovereignRightsOverNaturalResources 202 SovereigntyandExtraterritoriality 203 ResponsibilityNottoCauseEnvironmentalDamage 206 Conclusion 210 PrincipleofPreventiveAction 211 Cooperation 213 SustainableDevelopment 217 Introduction 217 FutureGenerations 221 SustainableUseofNaturalResources 222 EquitableUseofNaturalResources 225 IntegrationofEnvironmentandDevelopment 227 Conclusion 229 PrecautionaryPrinciple 229 PolluterPaysPrinciple 240 OECD 241 EuropeanUnion 242 PrincipleofCommonButDifferentiatedResponsibility 244 CommonResponsibility 245 DifferentiatedResponsibility 246 Conclusions 248 FurtherReading 249 7 Atmospheric Protection 252 ChapterOutline 252 Introduction 252 MilestonesintheDevelopmentofAtmosphericRegulation 254 TrailSmelterCase 254 NuclearTesting 255 CustomaryLaw 257 UNEnvironmentalSummits 258 UrbanandTransboundaryAirPollution 259 1979UNECEConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollutionandItsProtocols 261 1979LRTAPConvention 261 1984MonitoringandEvaluationProtocol 262 1985SulphurProtocol 263 1988NO Protocol 263 x 1991VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol 265 1994SulphurProtocol 267 1998AarhusProtocolonHeavyMetals 268 x Contents 1998AarhusProtocolonPersistentOrganicPollutants 269 1999GothenburgProtocoltoAbateAcidification,EutrophicationandGround-LevelOzone 270 1991Canada–USAirQualityAgreement 271 SulphurDioxide 272 NitrogenOxides 272 Ozone 273 Assessment,InformationandInstitutions 273 2002ASEANAgreementonTransboundaryHazePollution 274 AircraftEmissions:ICAOConvention 275 2013MinamataMercuryConvention 276 OzoneDepletion 277 1985ViennaConvention 279 The1987MontrealProtocol:AdjustmentsandAmendments 280 ControlledSubstances 282 ControlMeasures:ConsumptionandProduction 282 ControlMeasures:TradeinControlledSubstances 286 DevelopingCountries 287 Technical,FinancialandOtherAssistance 288 ReportingandCompliance 289 InstitutionalArrangements 289 OuterSpace 290 1967OuterSpaceTreaty 291 1979MoonTreaty 291 OuterSpacePrinciples 292 Conclusions 293 FurtherReading 294 8 Climate Change 295 ChapterOutline 295 Introduction 295 TheClimateChangeProblem 297 DevelopmentoftheClimateChangeRegime 299 1992ClimateChangeConvention 300 Preamble,Definition,ObjectiveandPrinciples 301 GeneralCommitments 302 Reporting 303 SpecificCommitments:SourcesandSinks 304 Commitments:FinancialResourcesandTechnologyTransfer 305 InstitutionalArrangements 306 ImplementationandDisputeSettlement 307 The1997KyotoProtocol 307 EmissionReductionTargetsandTimetable 308 PoliciesandMeasures 309 FlexibilityMechanisms:EmissionsTrading,JointImplementationandtheCDM 310 Sinks 313 DevelopingCountries 315 ReportingandCompliance 315 NegotiationsforaNewClimateTreatyAgreement 316 ParisAgreement 318 PreambleandObjectives 319 NationallyDeterminedContributions 321 MitigationCommitments 322 Sinks 323
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