Principles of International Environmental Law PDF
Preview Principles of International Environmental Law
Principles of International Environmental Law Thethirdeditionofthisclassictextbookofferscomprehensiveandcriticalcommentaryoninternational environmentallaw.Itfullycoversthekeytopicsofthecourseandisclearlystructuredtoincludethe historyandframeworkinwhichinternationalenvironmentallawexists,keyareasofregulationand implementation,linkstootherareasoflawandfuturedevelopments.Ithasbeenupdatedtoincorporateall thelatestdevelopmentsintreatyandcaselaw.Extensivefeedbackonpreviouseditionsresultsina re-structuringofmaterial,includinganewpartfocusedonlinkagetootherareasofinternationallaw includinghumanrights,internationaltradeandforeigninvestment.Thereisalsoanewchapteronfuture developmentschartingthedirectionsinwhichthesubjectismoving.Specialistauthorswritingonoceans, seasandfisheriesandbiodiversityaddtotheexpertiseofthetwoprincipalauthorsforanauthoritative overviewofthesubject. PhilippeSandsisProfessorofLawandDirectoroftheCentreonInternationalCourtsandTribunalsin theUCLFacultyofLaws.Heisalsoapractisingbarrister,withextensiveexperiencelitigatingcasesbefore theInternationalCourtofJustice,theInternationalTribunalfortheLawoftheSea,theInternational CentrefortheSettlementofInvestmentDisputes,andtheEuropeanCourtofJustice. JacquelinePeelisanAssociateProfessorattheMelbourneLawSchool,withabackgroundin environmentalscienceandlaw.Shehastaughtmanycoursesinenvironmentallaw,international environmentallawandclimatechangelaw,andhaspublishedwidelyinthefield. Principles of International Environmental Law THIRD EDITION Philippe Sands Jacqueline Peel with Adriana Fabra Ruth MacKenzie CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521769594 #PhilippeSands,JacquelinePeel,AdrianaFabraandRuthMacKenzie2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirstpublishedbyManchesterUniversityPress1995 SecondeditionpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress2003 ThirdeditionCambridgeUniversityPress2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-521-76959-4Hardback ISBN978-0-521-14093-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Foreword xxi Prefaceandacknowledgmentstothefirstedition xxv Prefaceandacknowledgmentstothesecondedition xxix Prefaceandacknowledgmentstothethirdedition xxxi Tableofcases xxxiii Tableoftreatiesandotherinternationalinstruments xxxvii Listofabbreviations lxiii PART I THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 1 The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions 3 Theenvironmentalchallenge 3 Thebasisfordecision-making:science,economicsandothervalues 5 Science 6 Economics 7 Othersocialobjectives 8 Sustainabledevelopment 9 Theinternationallegalorder 10 Thefunctionsofinternationallaw 10 Sovereigntyandterritory 11 Internationalactors 13 Theenvironmentandinternationallaw:definingterms 13 Challengesforinternationalenvironmentallaw 15 Furtherreading 16 Internationalenvironmentallaw:texts,articlesandhistory 16 Sourcesofinternationalenvironmentallaw 18 Primarymaterials 18 Internationalenvironmentaljurisprudence 18 Journals 19 Internationallawgenerally 19 Internationalenvironmentallaw 19 Internationalenvironmentalco-operationandpolicy 19 Scienceandthestateoftheenvironment 20 Environmentaleconomicsanddevelopment 20 Websites 21 v vi Contents 2 History 22 Introduction 22 FromearlyfisheriesconventionstothecreationoftheUnitedNations 23 FromthecreationoftheUnitedNationstoStockholm:1945–72 26 UNCCUR 27 The1972UnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment 30 Stockholmfollow-up 33 FromStockholmtoRio:1972–92 34 Post-Stockholm:treatiesandotherinternationalacts 34 1978UNEPdraftPrinciples 36 1981MontevideoProgramme 37 1982WorldCharterforNature 37 1980WorldConservationStrategy/1991‘CaringfortheEarth’Strategy 38 TheBrundtlandReportandtheReportoftheLegalExpertsGroup 39 Conclusions 40 UNCED 40 TheRioDeclaration 42 Agenda21 44 BeyondUNCED:trendsanddirections 45 WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment 47 Conclusions 49 3 Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors 50 Introduction 50 States 51 Internationalorganisations 52 Introduction 52 Historyofinternationalorganisationalarrangements 53 UNCED 53 Thefunctionandroleofinternationalorganisations 55 Globalorganisations 56 UnitedNations(www.un.org) 56 UNGeneralAssembly 58 UNEnvironmentProgramme(www.unep.org) 60 UNDevelopmentProgramme(www.undp.org) 62 InternationalLawCommission(www.un.org/law/ilc) 63 UNCommissiononSustainableDevelopment(www.un.org/esa/dsd/csd/csd_index.shtml) 63 OthersubsidiarybodiesestablishedbytheGeneralAssembly 65 EconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC) 67 SecurityCouncil 69 TrusteeshipCouncil 69 InternationalCourtofJustice(www.icj-cij.org) 70 UnitedNationsspecialisedagenciesandrelatedorganisations 70 FoodandAgricultureOrganization(www.fao.org) 70 UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(www.unesco.org) 72 InternationalMaritimeOrganization(www.imo.org) 72 InternationalLabourOrganization(www.ilo.org) 73 WorldMeteorologicalOrganization(www.wmo.int) 73 InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(www.icao.int) 74 vii Contents UNIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(www.unido.org) 74 WorldHealthOrganization(www.who.int) 74 InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(www.iaea.org) 75 WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund,andWorldTradeOrganization 76 Co-operativearrangements 76 Otherglobalinstitutions 77 Regionalandsub-regionalorganisations 77 EuropeandtheOECD 77 Africa 81 AmericasandtheCaribbean 82 AsiaPacific 82 Organisationsestablishedbyenvironmentaltreaties 83 Non-stateactors 86 Scientificcommunity 87 Environmental,healthanddevelopmentalorganisations 88 Legalgroups 88 Corporatesector 89 Individualsandindigenouscommunities 90 Themedia 91 Conclusions 92 4 International law-making and regulation 94 Introduction 94 Treaties 96 Environmentaltreaties 98 Thetreaty-makingprocess 98 The1969ViennaConventionandlegalissuesrelatingtotreaties 99 Interpretation 100 Entryintoforce 102 Reservationsandinterpretativedeclarations 103 Relationsbetweeninternationalagreements 105 Amendment 107 Otherinternationalacts 108 Actsofinternationalorganisations 108 Conferencedeclarationsandotheracts 110 Customaryinternationallaw 111 Statepractice 112 Opiniojuris 114 Treatiesandcustom 115 Persistentobjector 116 Regionalcustom 117 Generalprinciplesofinternationallaw 117 Equity 119 Subsidiarysources 120 Introductiontoregulatoryapproaches 121 Directregulation 122 Environmentalqualitystandards 122 Productstandards 123 Emissionsstandards 123 viii Contents Processstandards 123 Economicinstruments 124 Chargesandtaxes 126 Jointimplementationandtradeablepermits 127 Deposit-refundsystems 128 Subsidies 128 Enforcementincentives 129 Liabilityandcompensationfordamage 129 Trademeasures 129 Investmentincentives 130 Environmentalagreements 130 Consumerinformationincentives 131 Integratedpollutioncontrolandintegratedenvironmentalmanagement 131 Conclusions 133 5 Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement 135 Introduction 135 Implementation 138 Nationallaw 138 Nationalcompliance 139 Reporting 143 Internationalenforcement 144 Enforcementbystates 144 Damagetoastate’sownenvironment 145 Damagetotheenvironmentofanotherstate 146 Damagetotheenvironmentinareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction 146 Enforcementbyinternationalorganisations 151 Enforcementbynon-stateactors 155 Enforcementinthenationalcourts 155 Internationalenforcement 157 Internationalconflictresolution(settlementofdisputes) 159 Introduction 159 Diplomaticmeansofdisputesettlement 159 Negotiationandconsultation 159 Mediation,conciliation,fact-findingandinternationalinstitutions 161 Non-complianceprocedures 163 Inspectionproceduresofmultilateraldevelopmentbanks 167 NAFTACommissiononEnvironmentalCooperation 168 Legalmeansofdisputesettlement 169 Arbitration 169 Internationalcourts 171 InternationalCourtofJustice 171 Contentiouscases 172 Advisoryopinions 174 Interimmeasuresofprotection 174 UNCLOSandITLOS 175 WTODisputeSettlementBody 177 EuropeanCourtofJusticeandCourtofFirstInstance 179 Humanrightscourts 180 Conclusions 181 ix Contents PART II PRINCIPLES AND RULES ESTABLISHING STANDARDS 6 General principles and rules 187 Introduction 187 Principlesandrules 188 Sovereigntyovernaturalresourcesandtheresponsibilitynottocausedamagetotheenvironmentofother statesortoareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction 190 Sovereignrightsovernaturalresources 191 Sovereigntyandextra-territoriality 192 Responsibilitynottocauseenvironmentaldamage 195 Conclusion 200 Principleofpreventiveaction 200 Co-operation 203 Sustainabledevelopment 206 Introduction 206 Futuregenerations 209 Sustainableuseofnaturalresources 210 Equitableuseofnaturalresources 213 Integrationofenvironmentanddevelopment 215 Conclusion 217 Precautionaryprinciple 217 Polluterpaysprinciple 228 OECD 230 EuropeanUnion 231 Principleofcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibility 233 Commonresponsibility 234 Differentiatedresponsibility 234 Conclusions 236 7 Atmospheric protection and climate change 238 Introduction 238 Milestonesinthedevelopmentofatmosphericregulation 239 TrailSmeltercase 239 Nucleartesting 240 Customarylaw 242 UNCEDandWSSD 243 Urbanandtransboundaryairpollution 245 1979UNECEConventiononLongRangeTransboundaryAirPollutionanditsProtocols 246 1979LRTAPConvention 247 1984MonitoringandEvaluationProtocol 248 1985SulphurProtocol 248 1988NO Protocol 249 x 1991VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol 251 1994SulphurProtocol 253 1998AarhusProtocolonHeavyMetals 254 1998AarhusProtocolonPersistentOrganicPollutants 255 1999GothenburgProtocoltoAbateAcidification,EutrophicationandGround-LevelOzone 255 1991Canada–USAirQualityAgreement 257 Sulphurdioxide 257 Nitrogenoxides 258
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