Principles of first and third angle orthographic projection

308 Pages·2006·5.77 MB·English

Manual of
Engineering Drawing

Manual of
Engineering Drawing
Second edition
Colin H Simmons
I.Eng, FIED, Mem ASME.
Engineering Standards Consultant
Member of BS. & ISO Committees dealing with
Technical Product Documentation specifications
Formerly Standards Engineer, Lucas CAV.
Dennis E Maguire
CEng. MIMechE, Mem ASME, R.Eng.Des, MIED
Design Consultant
Formerly Senior Lecturer, Mechanical and
Production Engineering Department, Southall College
of Technology
City & Guilds International Chief Examiner in
Engineering Drawing
Elsevier Newnes
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803
First published by Arnold 1995
Reprinted by Butterworth-Heinemann 2001, 2002
Second edition 2004
Copyright © Colin H. Simmons and Denis E. Maguire, 2004. All rights reserved
The right of Colin H. Simmons and Dennis E. Maguire to be identified as the authors
of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988
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ISBN 0 7506 5120 2
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Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1 Drawing office management and organization 1
2 Product development and computer aided design 7
3 CAD organization and applications 13
4 Principles of first and third angle orthographic projection 33
5 Linework and lettering 45
6 Three dimensional illustrations using isometric and oblique projection 50
7 Drawing layouts and simplified methods 54
8 Sections and sectional views 64
9 Geometrical constructions and tangency 68
10 Loci applications 73
11 True lengths and auxiliary views 82
12 Conic sections and interpenetration of solids 87
13 Development of patterns from sheet materials 93
14 Dimensioning principles 100
15 Screw threads and conventional representations 114
16 Nuts, bolts, screws and washers 120
17 Keys and keyways 134
18 Worked examples in machine drawing 137
19 Limits and fits 153
20 Geometrical tolerancing and datums 160
21 Application of geometrical tolerances 168
22 Maximum material and least material principles 179
23 Positional tolerancing 186
24 Cams and gears 190
25 Springs 202
26 Welding and welding symbols 210
27 Engineering diagrams 214
28 Bearings and applied technology 249
29 Engineering adhesives 264
30 Related standards 272
31 Production drawings 282
32 Drawing solutions 291
Index 297

Preface
This latest edition of A Manual of Engineering Drawing standards are not produced for any particular draughting
has been revised to include changes resulting from the method. No matter how a drawing is produced, either
introduction of BS 8888. British Standard 308 was on an inexpensive drawing board or the latest CAD
introduced in 1927 and acknowledged by Draughtsmen equipment, the drawing must conform to the same
as THE reference Standard for Engineering Drawing. standards and be incapable of misinterpretation.
The British Standards Institution has constantly kept The text which follows covers the basic aspects of
this Standard under review and taken account of engineering drawing practice required by college and
technical developments and advances. Since 1927, major university students, and also professional drawing office
revisions were introduced in 1943, 1953, 1964 and personnel. Applications show how regularly used
1972 when the contents of BS 308 Engineering standards should be applied and interpreted.
Drawing Practice was divided into three separate Geometrical constructions are a necessary part of
sections. engineering design and analysis and examples of two-
and three-dimensional geometry are provided. Practice
Part 1: General principles.
is invaluable, not only as a means of understanding
Part 2: Dimensioning and tolerancing of size.
principles, but in developing the ability to visualize
Part 3: Geometrical tolerancing.
shape and form in three dimensions with a high degree
In 1985, the fifth revision was metricated. of fluency. It is sometimes forgotten that not only does
During the period 1985–2000 major discussions were a draughtsman produce original drawings but is also
undertaken in co-operation with International Standards required to read and absorb the content of drawings he
Organizations. receives without ambiguity.
The general trend in Engineering Design had been The section on engineering diagrams is included to
that the designer who was responsible for the conception stimulate and broaden technological interest, further
and design of a particular product generally specified study, and be of value to students engaged on project
other aspects of the manufacturing process. work. Readers are invited to redraw a selection of the
Gradually however, developments from increased examples given for experience, also to appreciate the
computing power in all aspects of production have necessity for the insertion and meaning of every line.
resulted in progressive advances in manufacturing Extra examples with solutions are available in
techniques, metrology, and quality assurance. The Engineering Drawing From First Principles using
impact of these additional requirements on the Total AutoCAD, also published by Butterworth-Heinemann.
Design Cycle resulted in the withdrawal of BS 308 in It is a pleasure to find an increasing number of
2000. Its replacement BS 8888 is a far more young ladies joining the staff in drawing offices where
comprehensive Standard. they can make an effective and balanced contribution
The full title of BS 8888 reflects this line of thought. to design decisions. Please accept our apologies for
continuing to use the term ‘draughtsmen’, which is
BS 8888. Technical product documentation (TPD).
the generally understood collective noun for drawing
Specification for defining, specifying and graphically
office personnel, but implies equality in status.
representing products.
In conclusion, may we wish all readers every success
It must be appreciated and emphasized that the in their studies and careers. We hope they will obtain
change from BS 308 to BS 8888 did not involve much satisfaction from employment in the absorbing
abandoning the principles of Engineering Drawing in activities related to creative design and considerable
BS 308. The new Standard gives the Designer a vastly pleasure from the construction and presentation of
increased number of tools at his disposal. accurately defined engineering drawings.
It is important to stress that British and ISO drawing

Acknowledgements
The authors express their special thanks to the British Mechsoft
Standards Institution Chiswick High Road, London, Barber and Colman Ltd
W4 4AL for kind permission to reprint extracts from Bauer Springs Ltd
their publications. Delphi Diesel Systems
We are also grateful to the International Organization GKN Screws and Fasteners Ltd
for Standardization, Genève 20, Switzerland, for Glacier Vandervell Ltd
granting us permission to use extracts from their Lucas Diesel Systems
publications. Lucas Electronic Unit Injector Systems
F S Ratcliffe Ltd
We very much appreciate the encouragement and
Salterfix Ltd
friendly assistance given to us by:
Matthew Deans and his staff at Elsevier: Nishma, Doris,
H C Calton, Ford Motor Company Ltd
Rachel and Renata.
Geoff Croysdale, SKF (UK) Ltd
Brian and Ray for sheet metal and machine shop
Susan Goddard, KGB Micros Ltd
examples, models, computer advice and technical
Emma McCarthy, Excitech Computers Ltd
support.
John Hyde, Norgren Martonair Ltd
Our final thanks go to our patient and understanding
Bob Orme, Loctite Holdings Ltd
wives, Audrey and Beryl, for all their typing and clerical
Tony Warren, Staefa Control System Ltd
assistance since we started work in 1973 on the first
Autodesk Ltd
edition of Manual of Engineering Drawing.