Principles of fermentation technology

367 Pages·1995·61.152 MB·English

by  Peter F Stanbury, Allan Whitaker, Stephen J Hall

Principles of
Fermentation Technology
Second Edition
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Principles of
Fermentation Technology
PETER F. STANBURY
B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Le.
Division(}fBiosciences,
UniversityofHertfordshire,
Hatfield, u.K.
ALLAN WHITAKER
M.Sc., Ph.D.,A.R.e.S., D.Le.
DivisionofBiosciences,
UniversityofHertfordshire
STEPHEN J. HALL
B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
DivisionofChemicalSciences,
University(}fHerifordshire
UTTERWORTH
EINEMANN
OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEWYORK PARIS
SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
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Principlesoffermentationtechnology/PeterF.
Stanbury,AllanWhitaker,StephenJ.Hall.- 2nded.
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Fermentation. 1.Whitaker,Allan. II. Hall,
Stephen,J. III.Title.
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Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the authors, publishers and manufactur British Mycological Society: Fig. 7.48.
ingcompanieslistedbelowforallowingustoreproduceeither British Valve and Actuator Manufacturers Association
originalorcopyrightmaterial. (BVAMA): Fig.7.28,7.29,7.30,7.31,7.32,7.33,7.34,7.35,7.37
and 7.38.
Authors Butterworth-Heinemann: Fig. 6.10, 7.22 and 7.25 from
S. Abe (Fig. 3.13), A. W. Nienow(Figs 9.13 B-F and 7.10,
Collins, C. H. and Beale, A. J. (1992) Safety in Industrial
7.11 and9.19 from Trends in Biotechnology, 8 (1990)), (Figs
MicrobiologyandBiotechnology; Table3.7from Vanek, Z. and
5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.3a, 5.3b, 5.5, 5.7, 7.18 and Table 5.2 from
Hostelek, Z. (1986) Overproduction ofMicrobial Metabolites.
IntroductiontoIndustrialsterilization,AcademicPress,London
Strain ImprovementandProcess Strategies.
(1968)), F. G. Shinskey (Fig. 8.11, R. M. Talcott (Figs 10.11,
Canadian Chemical News, Ottawa: Figs 10.33aand 1O.33b.
10.12and 10.13)and D.1. C.Wang(Table 12.7).
Chapmanand Hall: Fig.7.46from Hough,J. S.etal. (1971)
Publishersandmanufacturingcompanies MaltingandBrewingScience.
Academic Press, London and new York: Fig. 1.2 from Chilton Book Company Ltd, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA:
Turner, W. B. (1971) FungalMetabolites; Fig.6.7from Norris, Figs 8.2, 8.3, 8.4,8.5, 8.8 and 8.9 Reprinted from Engineers
J. R. and Ribbons, D.W.(1972) MethodsinMicrobiology, 7b, Handbook, Vol. 1byB. Liptak. Copyright1969by the author.
Fig.7.9fromSolomons,G. 1..(1969) MaterialsandMethodsin Reprintedwith the permissionofthe publisher.
Fermentation; Fig.7.14from JournalofAppliedBacteriology21 Marcel Dekker Inc.: Figs 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6. Reprinted with
(1958); Fig. 7.45 from Rose, A. H. (1978), Fig. 7.51 from permission from Vandamme, E. J. (1984) Biotechnology of
EconomicMicrobiology, Vol. 4(1979), EconomicMicrobiology, Industn'alAntibiotics.
Vol. 2; Figs 7.1 and 10.27 and Table 12.2 from Rose, A. H. Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington: Fig. 2.12 reprinted from
(1979) EconomicMicrobiology, Vol.3.;Fig.7.55fromSpiers,R. ProcessBiochemistry,1(1966);Figs5.4,5.5,5.12,5.20reprinted
E. and Griffiths, J. B. (1988) AnimalCell Biotechnology, Vol. from Process Biochemistry, 2 (1967); Fig. 10.4 reprinted from
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(1983) MicrobialProducts2. DevelopmentandProduction; Fig.
ProcessBiochemistry,13(1978);Table2.3reprintedfrom Jour
10.6 from Advances in Applied Microbiology, 12; Table 4.5
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from Cook, A. H. (1962) Barley and Malt, Biochemistry and
(NS), 2 (1978), Fig. 8.12, 8.20, 8.22 and 8.24 reprinted from
Technology; Tables 8.3from Aiba, S., Humphrey, A. E.(1973)
Cooney, C. 1.. and Humphrey, A. E. (1985) Comprehensive
BiochemicalEngineering(2nd Edition).
Biotechnology,Vol 2; Figs 9.2 and 10.34reprinted from Moo
AJfa Laval Engineering Ltd, Brentford: Figs 5.8, 5.9 and
Young,M.etal.(1980) AdvancesinBiotechnology,Vol. 1;Fig.
5.11.
10.3 from Blanch, H. W. et al (1985) Comprehensive Biotech
Alfa Laval Sharples Ltd, Camberiey: Fig. 1O.16a, 10.16b,
1O.17a, 1O.17band 10.20. nology 3, Figs 1O.9aand 1O.9b reprinted from Coulson,J. M.
American Chemical Society: Fig. 7.43 reprinted with and Richardson, J. F. (1968) ChemicalEngineering (2nd edi
permission from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 43 tion),Fig.10.30reprinted from JournalofChromatography,43
(1951); Fig. 7.49 reprinted with permission from Ladisch, M. (1969).
R. and Bose, A. (1992) Harnessing Biotechnologyfor the 21st Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge: Fig. 3.33, reprinted
Century. ACSConferenceProceedingsSeries. from Trends in Biotechnology, 10 (1992), 7.10, 7.11 and 9.19
AmericanSocietyfor Microbiology:Fig.3.36,5.11 and9.17. reprintedfrom TrendsinBiotechnology,8(1990).
American Society for Testing and Materials: Fig. 6.11. EllisHorwood: Fig.9.16and 10.5.Tables3.5 and 9.3
CopyrightASTM,reprintedwith permission. DominicHunter, Birtley: Fig.5.19.
ApplikondependableInstruments BV,Gloucester, UK:Fig. Inceltech LH, Reading: Figs7.4and 7.17.
7.16andTable7.5. International Thomson Publishing Services: Figs 5.13 and
BlackwellScientificPublications Ltd: Figs1.1 and 2.8. 7.24 from Yu, P. 1.. (1990) Fermentation Technologies; Indus
Bio/Technology:Table3.6. trial Applications; Fig. 6.3 from Vandamme, E. J. (1989)
vii
Acknowledgements
Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors and Societyfor Industrial Microbiology,USA: Fig.9.18.
Fig.3.9fromFogarty,W.M.andKelly,K.T.(1990) Microbial Southern Cotton Oil Company, Memphis, USA: Table 4.8.
EnzymesandBiotechnology,(2nd Edition). SpiraxSarcoLtd,Cheltenham, UK: Figs7.39,7.40,7.41and
Institute of Chemical Engineering: Fig. 11.6from Effluent 7.42.
TreatmentintheProcessIndustries (1983). SpringerVerlag GmbHand Co. KG: Table 7.4reproduced
Institute ofWater Pollution Control: Fig. 11.5. from Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 30 (1989), Fig.
IRL Press, Fig. 4.3. from Poole et al. Microbial Growth 8.7reproducedfrom AdvancesinBiochemicalEngineering, 13
Dynamics,(1990), Fig. 6.1 from McNeil,B. and Harvey, L. M. (1979),Table 12.2from Advancesin ChemicalEngineering, 37
Fermentation-A Practical Approach (1990), Fig. 8.26. from (1988).
Bryant, T. N. and Wimpenny, J. W. T. Computers in Microbi JohnWileyandSonsInc., NewYork: Fig. 3.2from Journal
ology:A PracticalApproach(1989). ofApplied Chemistry Biotechnology 22 (1972) Fig. 3.13 from
JapanSocietyforBioscience,BiotechnologyandAgrochem Yamada, K. et al. (1972) The Microbial Production ofAmino
istry: Fig. 3.23 from AgriculturalandBiologicalChemistry, 36 Acids.: Fig. 7.50 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 42
(1972). (1993),Fig.7.53from BiotechnologyandBioengineeringSympo
Kluwer Academic Publishers: Fig. 7.52 reprinted with sium, 4 (1974), Fig. 7.44 from BiotechnologyBioengineering 9
permission from Varder-Sukan, F. and Sukan, S. S. (1992) (1967), Fig. 9.4 from Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 12
RecentAdvancesinBiotechnology. (1970), Table 12.6 from BiotechnologyandBioengineering;, 15
LifeScienceLaboratories Ltd,Luton: Figs7.6and 7.7. (1973); Fig. 8.11 from Shinskey, F. G. (1973) pH and pIon
MacMillan: Table 1.1 from Prescott and Dunn's Industrial Control in Process and Waste Streams.; Figs 10.11, 10.12 and
Microbiology, editedbyReed, G. (1982). 10.13from Kirk-OthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology,
Marshall BiotechnologyLtd: Fig. 7.23.
3rd Edition (1980); Figs 10.21 and 10.22 from Biotechnology
Mcgraw Hill, New York: Fig. 7.27reproducedwith permis
and Bioengineering, 16 (1974); Fig. 10.23 from Biotechnology
sionfrom ChemicalEngineering,94(1987),also Fig.7.36from
andBioengineering, 19(1977);Table 12.7from Wang, D. I. C.
King, R. C. (1967) Piping Handbook (5th edition), also Figs
etal. (1979) FermentationandEnzymeTechnology.
8.21and8.23from Considine, D. M. (1974)ProcessInstrumen
We also wish to thank Mr Jim Campbell (Pall Process
tationandControlHandbook(2ndEdition)and also Fig.10.10
Filtration Ltd, Portsmouth), Mr Nelson Nazareth (Life Sci
from Perry, R. H. and Chilton, C. H. (1973) ChemicalEngi
ence Laboratories Ltd, Luton), Mr Peter Senior (Applikon
neer'sHandbook(5th Edition).
Dependable Instruments BV, Tewkesbury) and Mr Nicholas
Microbiology Research Foundation of Japan, Tokyo: Fig.
Vosper(NewBrunswickLtd,Hatfield)foradviceonfermenta
3.21 from Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 19
tion equipment and Dr Geoffrey Leaver and Mr Ian Stewart
(1973).
(Warren SpringLaboratories, Stevenage)for advice onsafety
NewBrunswickLtd, Hatfield,Figs7.5,7.15,7.26,7.54.
andcontainmentand Mr MichaelWhitakerfor his comments
NewYorkAcademyofSciences: Figs2.14,3.3,3.4and3.31.
onastudentfriendly bookdesign.
Pall Process Filtration Ltd, Portsmouth: Figs 5.14, 5.15,
Last but not least wewish to express our thanks to Lesley,
5.16,5.17and5.18.
John, David and Abigail Stanbury and Lorna, Michael and
RoyalNetherlands ChemicalSociety: Table 12.4
Ben Whitaker for their encouragement and patience during
RoyalSocietyofChemistry: Fig. 6.9and Table 3.8.
allstagesin the preparationofthis editionofthe book.
TheRoyalSociety,London: Fig.7.47b.
ScienceandTechnologyLetters,Northwood,UK:Figs9.20a
and 9.20b.
Society for General Microbiology: Figs 3.29, 3.34 and 3.35 December, 1994.
andTables 3.2and 9.2.
viii
Contents
1. AN INTRODUCTIONTO FERMENTATIONPROCESSES 1
The range offermentation processes 1
Microbial biomass 1
Microbial enzymes 2
Microbial metabolites 3
Recombinant products 4
Transformation processes 5
The chronological development of the fermentation industry 5
The component parts of a fermentation process 9
References 10
2. MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS 13
Batch culture 13
Continuous culture 16
Multistage systems 19
Feedback systems 19
Internal feedback 19
External feedback 20
Comparison ofbatch and continuous culture in industrial processes 21
Biomass productivity 21
Metabolite productivity 22
Continuous brewing 24
Continuous culture and biomass production 25
Comparison of batch and continuous culture as investigative tools 26
Fed-batch culture 27
Variable volume fed-batch culture 27
Fixed volume fed-batch culture 28
Cyclic fed-batch culture 29
Application offed-batch culture 29
Examples of the use offed-batch culture 30
References 31
3. THE ISOLATION, PRESERVATIONAND IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY
IMPORTANTMICRO-ORGANISMS 35
The isolation ofindustrially important micro-organisms 35
ix
Contents
Isolation methods utilizing selection ofthe desired characteristic 37
Enrichment liquid culture 37
Enrichment cultures using solidified media 39
Isolation methods not utilizing selection ofthe desired characteristic 39
Screening methods 40
The preservation ofindustrially important micro-organisms 42
Storage at reduced temperature 42
Storage on agar slopes 42
Storage under liquid nitrogen 42
Storage in a dehydrated form 42
Dried cultures 42
Lyophilization 42
Quality control of preserved stock cultures 43
The improvement ofindustrial micro-organisms 43
The selection of induced mutants synthesizing improved levels of primary metabolites 45
Modification of the permeability 47
The isolation ofmutants which do not produce feedback inhibitors or repressors 48
Examples ofthe use of auxotrophs for the production ofprimary metabolites 50
The isolation ofmutants that do not recognize the presence ofinhibitors and repressors 53
The isolation of induced mutants producing improved yields of secondary metabolites
where directed selection is difficult to apply 57
The isolation of auxotrophic mutants 61
The isolation ofresistant mutants 62
Mutants resistant to the analogues of primary metabolic precursors of the
secondary metabolite 63
Mutants resistant to the feedback effects ofthe secondary metabolite 63
The isolation of mutants resistant to the toxic effects of the secondary metabolite in
the trophophase 64
The isolation ofmutants in which secondary metabolite synthesis gives resistance to
toxic compounds 64
The isolation ofrevertant mutants 65
The isolation ofrevertants ofmutants auxotrophicfor primarymetaboliteswhich may
influence the production of a secondary metabolite 65
The isolation of revertants of mutants which have lost the ability to produce the
secondary metabolite 65
The use ofrecombination systems for the improvement ofindustrial micro-organisms 66
The application ofthe parasexual cycle 66
The application ofprotoplast fusion techniques 68
The application of recombinant DNAtechniques 70
The production ofheterologous proteins 71
The use of recombinant DNA technology for the improvement of native microbial
~~~ TI
The improvement of industrial strains by modifying properties other than the yield of
~~ ~
The selection ofstable strains 79
The selection ofstrains resistant to infection 80
The selection of non-foaming strains 80
The selection of strains which are resistant to components in the medium 81
x