Principles of evolution : from the Planck Epoch to complex multicellular life PDF
Preview Principles of evolution : from the Planck Epoch to complex multicellular life
T H E F R O N T I E R S C O L L E C T I O N T H E F R O N T I E R S C O L L E C T I O N Series Editors: A.C.ElitzurL.Mersini-HoughtonM.A.SchlosshauerM.P.Silverman J.A.TuszynskiR.VaasH.D.Zeh Thebooksinthiscollectionaredevotedtochallengingandopenproblemsattheforefrontofmod- ernscience,includingrelatedphilosophicaldebates.Incontrasttotypicalresearchmono-graphs, however,theystrivetopresenttheirtopicsinamanneraccessiblealsotoscientificallyliteratenon- specialistswishingtogaininsightintothedeeperimplicationsandfascinatingquestionsinvolved. Takenasawhole,theseriesreflectstheneedforafundamentalandinterdisciplinaryapproach tomodernscience.Furthermore,itisintendedtoencourageactivescientistsinallareastopon- deroverimportantandperhapscontroversialissuesbeyondtheirownspeciality.Extendingfrom quantumphysicsandrelativitytoentropy,consciousnessandcomplexsystems–theFrontiers Collectionwillinspirereaderstopushbackthefrontiersoftheirownknowledge. Other Recent Titles WeakLinks TheUniversalKeytotheStabilityofNetworksandComplexSystems ByP.Csermely Entanglement,Information,andtheInterpretationofQuantumMechanics ByG.Jaeger ParticleMetaphysics ACriticalAccountofSubatomicReality ByB.Falkenburg ThePhysicalBasisoftheDirectionofTime ByH.D.Zeh MindfulUniverse QuantumMechanicsandtheParticipatingObserver ByH.Stapp DecoherenceandtheQuantum-To-ClassicalTransition ByM.A.Schlosshauer TheNonlinearUniverse Chaos,Emergence,Life ByA.Scott SymmetryRules HowScienceandNatureAreFoundedonSymmetry ByJ.Rosen QuantumSuperposition CounterintuitiveConsequencesofCoherence,Entanglement,andInterference ByM.P.Silverman Forallvolumesseebackmatterofthebook · Hildegard Meyer-Ortmanns Stefan Thurner Editors PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION From the Planck Epoch to Complex Multicellular Life 123 Editors HildegardMeyer-Ortmanns StefanThurner JacobsUniversityBremen MedizinischeUniversitätWien SchoolofEngineering&Science Inst.fürWissenschaftKomplexer CampusRing8 Systeme 28759Bremen WähringerGürtel18–20 Germany 1090Wien [email protected] Austria [email protected] SeriesEditors: AvshalomC.Elitzur Bar-IlanUniversity,UnitofInterdisciplinaryStudies,52900Ramat-Gan,Israel email:[email protected] LauraMersini-Houghton Dept.Physics,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC27599-3255,USA email:[email protected] MaximilianA.Schlosshauer NielsBohrInstitute,Blegdamsvej17,2100Copenhagen,Denmark email:[email protected] MarkP.Silverman TrinityCollege,Dept.Physics,HartfordCT06106,USA email:[email protected] JackA.Tuszynski UniversityofAlberta,Dept.Physics,EdmontonABT6G1Z2,Canada email:[email protected] RüdigerVaas UniversityofGiessen,CenterforPhilosophyandFoundationsofScience,35394Giessen,Germany email:[email protected] H.DieterZeh GaibergerStraße38,69151Waldhilsbach,Germany email:[email protected] ISSN1612-3018 ISBN978-3-642-18136-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-18137-5 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-18137-5 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011922328 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotec- tivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:KuenkelLopkaGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) ToCarlo(H.M.-O.) ToFranziska(S.T.) Preface The year 2009 was celebrated worldwide as Darwin year, 200 years after Charles Darwin’sbirthand150yearsaftertheappearanceofhisseminalbookOntheOrigin ofSpecies.Countlesscontributionsinboththescientificandpopularmediarevived the ongoing controversy between Darwinism and modern evolution theory on one handandcreationism–devoidofanyscientificbasis–ontheother.Thediscussions wereoftenpolemicandvariedintheirdegreeofobjectiveness.Thisinspiredusto suggestacomprehensivesurveyofrecentachievementsinunderstandingevolution fromapurelyscientificpointofview. The contributions are from internationally known experts from various disci- plines, writing about evolutionary theory from the perspective of their own fields, rangingfrommathematics,physics,andcosmology,tobiochemistryandcellbiol- ogy.Theconcentrationonnaturalsciencesmeansthatonlysomeaspectsofcultural evolutionarecovered.Seeminglysimplequestionsareposed,concerningtheorigin oflife,theoriginoftheuniverse,theconceptofself-organizationwithouttheneed forexternalinterference,theprobabilityoflifecomingintoexistence“bychance”, and the role of contingency as compared to necessity; but instead of simple and prematureanswersbeingproposed,thequestionsarerefinedandspecifieduntilan answercanbearrivedatusingtoolsfromthenaturalsciences.Scientificchallenges correspond to reducing a complex problem by breaking it up into parts, finding commonunderlyingmechanismsintheplethoraofphenomena,orreproducingevo- lutionaryprocessesinlabexperimentsorcomputersimulations;deeperinsightand involvementinthesechallengesusuallygoalongwithfascination,amazement,and, finally,respectfortheoutcomeofevolutioninitsfullvariety.Wehopetocontribute toalltheseaspectswithourcompilationofprogressinthetheoryofevolution. Thebookisaddressedtoreaderswithabackgroundinlifesciencesandinterest inmathematicalmodeling,orwithamathematicalbackgroundinmodelingandan interestinbiologicalapplications. We thank the authors for their contributions and are indebted to the staff of Springer-Verlagfortheirsupportduringthepreparationofthisbook. Bremen,Germany HildegardMeyer-Ortmanns Vienna,Austria StefanThurner August2010 vii Contents 1 Introduction................................................... 1 HildegardMeyer-Ortmanns PartI PrinciplesofEvolution 2 PhysicalPrinciplesofEvolution.................................. 45 PeterSchuster 3 The Interplay of Replication, Variation and Selection intheDynamicsofEvolvingPopulations.......................... 81 RichardA.Blythe 4 ASimpleGeneralModelofEvolutionaryDynamics................119 StefanThurner 5 CanWeRecognizeanInnovation?PerspectivefromanEvolving NetworkModel ................................................145 SanjayJainandSandeepKrishna PartII FromRandomtoComplexStructures: TheConceptofSelf-OrganizationforGalaxies, Asters,andSpindles 6 How Stochastic Dynamics Far from Equilibrium Can Create NonrandomPatterns ...........................................175 GunterM.Schütz 7 StructureFormationintheUniverse .............................189 MatthiasBartelmann ix
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