Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science PDF
Preview Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science
P rinciples of E nvironmental E ngineering a nd Science Fourth Edition Susan J. Masten Michigan State University—East Lansing, MI Mackenzie L. Davis Emeritus, Michigan State University—East Lansing PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, FOURTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions ©2014, 2009, and 2004. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 ISBN 978-1-259-89354-4 (bound edition) MHID 1-259-89354-5 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-048861-5 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-04886-1 (loose-leaf edition) Executive Portfolio Manager: Suzy Bainbridge Product Developer: Heather Ervolino Marketing Manager: Shannon O’Donnell Content Project Manager: Jeni McAtee Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson Design: Debra Kubiak Content Licensing Specialist: Melissa Homer Cover Image: Susan Masten Compositor: MPS Limited All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Davis, Mackenzie Leo, 1941- author. | Masten, Susan J., author. Principles of environmental engineering & science / Mackenzie L. Davis, Michigan State University, Susan J. Masten, Michigan State University. Principles of environmental engineering and science Fourth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. LCCN 2018048530 | ISBN 9781259893544 (bound edition) LCSH: Environmental engineering. | Environmental sciences. LCC TD145 .D2623 2020 | DDC 628—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048530 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered To our students who make it worthwhile. Contents Preface xii Chapter Review 25 Acknowledgments xiv Problems 26 About the Authors xv Discussion Questions 27 FE Exam Formatted Problems 31 1 Introduction 1 References 31 1–1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? 2 Natural Science 2 2 Chemistry 35 Environmental Science 2 Case Study: Leaded Gasoline: Corporate Quantitative Environmental Science 2 Greed Versus Chemistry 36 1–2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL 2–1 INTRODUCTION 37 ENGINEERING? 3 2–2 BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS 38 Professional Development 3 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 38 Professions 4 Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces 39 1–3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 4 The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units 41 Overview 4 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry 42 Hydrology 5 Chemical Equilibrium 49 Water Treatment 6 Reaction Kinetics 61 Wastewater Treatment 10 2–3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 66 Air Pollution Control 10 Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes 67 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11 Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds 68 1–4 H OW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS Functional Groups and Classes AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS of Compounds 68 WORK TOGETHER 12 2–4 WATER CHEMISTRY 69 1–5 I NTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF Physical Properties of Water 69 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING States of Solution Impurities 70 AND SCIENCE 12 Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions Where Do We Start? 12 or Suspensions 71 A Short Outline of This Book 13 Buffers 74 1–6 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2–5 SOIL CHEMISTRY 80 OVERVIEW 13 2–6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 82 Systems 13 Fundamentals of Gases 83 Water Resource Management System 14 Air Resource Management System 19 Chapter Review 86 Solid Waste Management System 19 Problems 87 Multimedia Systems 19 Discussion Questions 92 Sustainability 21 FE Exam Formatted Problems 92 1–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND References 94 REGULATION 21 Acts, Laws, and Regulations 21 1–8 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 23 3 Biology 95 Case 1: To Add or Not to Add 24 Case Study: Lake Erie is Dead 96 Case 2: You Can’t Do Everything At Once 24 3–1 INTRODUCTION 97 iv Contents v 3–2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE 97 4–3 MATERIALS BALANCES 153 Carbohydrates 97 Fundamentals 153 Nucleic Acids 99 Time as a Factor 154 Proteins 102 More Complex Systems 155 Lipids 106 Efficiency 158 3–3 THE CELL 107 The State of Mixing 161 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 107 Including Reactions and Loss Processes 163 Cell Membrane 107 Reactors 167 Cell Organelles of Eukaryotes 112 Reactor Analysis 168 Cell Organelles of Plant Cells 115 4–4 ENERGY BALANCES 176 Cell Organelles of Prokaryotes 118 First Law of Thermodynamics 176 3–4 ENERGY AND METABOLISM 118 Fundamentals 177 Cells, Matter, and Energy 118 Second Law of Thermodynamics 185 3–5 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION 123 Chapter Review 187 The Cell Cycle 123 Problems 187 Asexual Reproduction 124 Discussion Questions 195 Sexual Reproduction 125 FE Exam Formatted Problems 195 3–6 DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS 126 References 196 3–7 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 126 Archaea 127 Bacteria 128 5 Ecosystems 197 3–8 PROTISTS 131 Case Study: Ecosystems 198 Protozoa 131 5–1 INTRODUCTION 199 Algae 133 Ecosystems 199 Slime Molds and Water Molds 136 5–2 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON 3–9 FUNGI 136 ECOSYSTEMS 200 Chytridiomycota 136 5–3 ENERGY AND MASS FLOW 201 Zygomycota 136 Bioaccumulation 205 Ascomycota 136 5–4 NUTRIENT CYCLES 207 Basidiomycota 137 Carbon Cycle 207 Deuteromycota 137 Nitrogen Cycle 209 3–10 VIRUSES 137 Phosphorus Cycle 210 3–11 MICROBIAL DISEASE 139 Sulfur Cycle 212 3–12 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS 141 5–5 POPULATION DYNAMICS 213 Chapter Review 143 Bacterial Population Growth 214 Animal Population Dynamics 216 Problems 145 Human Population Dynamics 220 Discussion Questions 147 5–6 LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS FE Exam Formatted Problems 147 AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN References 149 ECOSYSTEM 224 Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes 224 4 Materials and Energy Biological Zones 225 Lake Productivity 227 Balances 151 Eutrophication 230 4–1 INTRODUCTION 152 5–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO 4–2 UNIFYING THEORIES 152 PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS 233 Conservation of Matter 152 Chapter Review 234 Conservation of Energy 152 Problems 235 Conservation of Matter and Energy 152 vi Contents Discussion Questions 237 7–8 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 308 FE Exam Formatted Problems 238 Low Impact Development 309 Wet Weather Green Infrastructure 310 References 239 Chapter Review 310 Problems 311 6 Risk Perception, Assessment, Discussion Questions 313 and Management 243 FE Exam Formatted Problems 313 Case Study: Imposed Risk Versus References 314 Assumed Risk 244 6–1 INTRODUCTION 244 6–2 RISK PERCEPTION 244 8 Sustainability 317 6–3 RISK ASSESSMENT 246 Case Study: A New Precious Metal—Copper! 318 Data Collection and Evaluation 246 8–1 INTRODUCTION 319 Toxicity Assessment 246 Sustainability 319 Exposure Assessment 252 The People Problem 319 Risk Characterization 258 There Are No Living Dinosaurs 320 6–4 RISK MANAGEMENT 259 Go Green 321 Chapter Review 259 8–2 WATER RESOURCES 322 Water, Water, Everywhere 322 Problems 260 Frequency from Probability Analysis 322 Discussion Questions 262 Floods 323 FE Exam Formatted Problems 262 Droughts 328 References 263 8–3 ENERGY RESOURCES 345 Fossil Fuel Reserves 345 7 Hydrology 265 Nuclear Energy Resources 349 Environmental Impacts 350 Case Study: Potential Failure of the Sustainable Energy Sources 354 Oroville Dam 266 Green Engineering and Energy Conservation 359 7–1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY 267 8–4 MINERAL RESOURCES 366 The Hydrological Cycle 267 Reserves 366 7–2 M EASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION, Environmental Impacts 367 EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, AND Resource Conservation 369 STREAMFLOW 277 8–5 SOIL RESOURCES 372 Precipitation 277 Energy Storage 372 Evaporation 280 Plant Production 372 Infiltration 283 Streamflow 286 8–6 PARAMETERS OF SOIL SUSTAINABILITY 373 7–3 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY 287 Nutrient Cycling 373 Aquifers 287 Soil Acidity 374 7–4 GROUNDWATER FLOW 292 Soil Salinity 375 7–5 WELL HYDRAULICS 296 Texture and Structure 376 Definition of Terms 296 8–7 SOIL CONSERVATION 376 Cone of Depression 297 Soil Management 376 7–6 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Soil Erosion 377 AS A WATER SUPPLY 302 Chapter Review 383 7–7 DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER Problems 384 AND SURFACE WATER 303 Discussion Questions 385 Water Rights 303 Water Use 305 FE Exam Formatted Problems 386 Land Subsidence 307 References 386 Contents vii 9 Water Quality Management 393 10 Water Treatment 471 Case Study: Deepwater Horizon: The Case Study: The Flint Water Crisis 472 Largest Oil Spill Disaster in U.S. History 394 10–1 INTRODUCTION 474 9–1 INTRODUCTION 395 Water Quality 475 9–2 WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR Physical Characteristics 476 SOURCES 396 Chemical Characteristics 476 Point Sources 396 Microbiological Characteristics 477 Nonpoint Sources 396 Radiological Characteristics 477 Oxygen-Demanding Material 397 U.S. Water Quality Standards 478 Nutrients 397 Water Classification and Treatment Systems 480 Pathogenic Organisms 399 10–2 RAPID MIXING, FLOCCULATION, Suspended Solids 400 AND COAGULATION 482 Salts 400 Colloid Stability and Destabilization 483 Pesticides 401 The Physics of Coagulation 483 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Coagulants 484 Care Products 403 Mixing and Flocculation 487 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 404 10–3 SOFTENING 490 Other Organic Chemicals 405 Hardness 490 Arsenic 405 Lime–Soda Softening 496 Toxic Metals 407 Ion-Exchange Softening 499 Heat 408 10–4 SEDIMENTATION 501 Nanoparticles 408 Overview 501 9–3 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT Determination of Settling Velocity (v) 502 s IN RIVERS 409 Determination of Overflow Rate (v ) 504 o Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes 10–5 FILTRATION 505 on Rivers 409 10–6 DISINFECTION 508 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 410 Disinfection Kinetics 509 Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products 510 Oxygen Demand 414 Chlorine Reactions in Water 511 Additional Notes on Biochemical Chloramines 513 Oxygen Demand 417 Chlorine Dioxide 514 Nitrogen Oxidation 418 Ozonation 514 DO Sag Curve 420 Ultraviolet Radiation 514 Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality 10–7 OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR in Rivers 436 DRINKING WATER 515 9–4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT Membrane Processes 515 IN LAKES 437 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 519 Control of Phosphorus in Lakes 437 Carbon Adsorption 519 Acidification of Lakes 441 Aeration 519 9–5 WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIES 448 10–8 WATER PLANT RESIDUALS 9–6 WATER QUALITY IN OCEANS 449 MANAGEMENT 520 9–7 GROUNDWATER QUALITY 452 Mass-Balance Analysis 521 Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters 452 Sludge Treatment 522 9–8 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION 456 Ultimate Disposal 526 Chapter Review 457 Chapter Review 527 Problems 458 Problems 528 Discussion Questions 463 Discussion Questions 534 FE Exam Formatted Problems 465 FE Exam Formatted Problems 535 References 466 References 537 viii Contents 11 Wastewater Treatment 539 11–12 SLUDGE TREATMENT 583 Case Study: Tenafly Sewage Treatment Sources and Characteristics of Plant: A Plant Decades Ahead of Its Time 540 Various Sludges 583 Solids Computations 583 11–1 INTRODUCTION 541 Sludge Treatment Processes 585 Wastewater Treatment Perspective 541 11–13 SLUDGE DISPOSAL 591 11–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC Ultimate Disposal 591 WASTEWATER 541 Land Spreading 591 Physical Characteristics 541 Landfilling 592 Chemical Characteristics 542 Dedicated Land Disposal 592 Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater 542 Utilization 592 11–3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT Sludge Disposal Regulations 592 STANDARDS 545 11-14 DIRECT POTABLE REUSE 592 Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes 546 Description 592 11–4 ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS 547 Public Perception 593 11–5 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER Health Issues 593 TREATMENT SYSTEMS 547 Technological Capability 594 11–6 UNIT OPERATIONS OF Chapter Review 594 PRETREATMENT 548 Problems 595 Bar Racks 548 Discussion Questions 599 Grit Chambers 548 FE Exam Formatted Problems 599 Macerators 551 References 600 Equalization 551 11–7 PRIMARY TREATMENT 555 11–8 UNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARY 12 Air Pollution 603 TREATMENT 557 Case Study: Killer Smog Blankets Town 604 Overview 557 12–1 INTRODUCTION 605 Role of Microorganisms 557 Air Pollution Perspective 605 Population Dynamics 557 12–2 FUNDAMENTALS 605 Activated Sludge 559 Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure 605 Trickling Filters 570 Relativity 605 Oxidation Ponds 572 Adiabatic Expansion and Compression 605 Rotating Biological Contactors 574 12–3 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS 606 Integrated Fixed-Film Activated 12–4 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS 611 Sludge (IFAS) 575 Effects on Materials 611 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor 575 Effects on Vegetation 612 11–9 DISINFECTION 576 Effects on Health 614 11–10 TERTIARY WASTEWATER 12–5 ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR TREATMENT 576 POLLUTANTS 618 Filtration 576 Carbon Monoxide 618 Carbon Adsorption 577 Hazardous Air Pollutants 619 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 577 Lead 619 Biological Phosphorus Removal 579 Nitrogen Dioxide 619 Nitrogen Control 579 Photochemical Oxidants 620 11–11 LAND TREATMENT FOR Sulfur Oxides 620 SUSTAINABILITY 580 Particulates 623 Slow Rate 581 12–6 MICRO AND MACRO AIR Overland Flow 582 POLLUTION 625 Rapid Infiltration 582 Indoor Air Pollution 625 Potential Adverse Affects 582 Acid Rain 628 Contents ix Ozone Depletion 630 Public Health and Environmental Issues 698 Global Warming 631 Other Thermal Treatment Processes 700 12–7 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY 640 13–7 DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILL 700 The Atmospheric Engine 640 Site Selection 701 Turbulence 640 Operation 702 Stability 641 Environmental Considerations 704 Terrain Effects 644 Leachate 704 12–8 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION 646 Methane and Other Gas Production 708 Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Landfill Design 711 Pollutants 646 Landfill Closure 711 Dispersion Modeling 647 Chapter Review 712 12–9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL 654 Problems 713 12–10 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF Discussion Questions 715 STATIONARY SOURCES 656 FE Exam Formatted Problems 715 Gaseous Pollutants 656 References 716 Flue Gas Desulfurization 659 Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides 660 Particulate Pollutants 661 Control Technologies for Mercury 664 14 Hazardous Waste 12–11 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF Management 719 MOBILE SOURCES 665 Case Study: Don’t Cry over Engine Fundamentals 665 Spilled Milk but Do Cry over Control of Automobile Emissions 668 Contaminated Milk 720 12–12 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR 14–1 INTRODUCTION 721 SUSTAINABILITY 669 Dioxins and PCBs 721 Chapter Review 671 14–2 EPA’S HAZARDOUS WASTE Problems 672 DESIGNATION SYSTEM 723 Discussion Questions 674 14–3 RCRA AND HSWA 725 FE Exam Formatted Problems 674 Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste 725 References 675 Cradle-to-Grave Concept 726 Generator Requirements 726 Transporter Regulations 728 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal 13 Solid Waste Engineering 679 Requirements 728 Case Study: Too Much Waste, Underground Storage Tanks 730 Too Little Space 680 14–4 CERCLA AND SARA 730 13–1 INTRODUCTION 681 The Superfund Law 730 Magnitude of the Problem 681 The National Priority List 731 13–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE 683 The Hazard Ranking System 731 13–3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 686 The National Contingency Plan 732 13–4 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION 687 Liability 733 Superfund Amendments and 13–5 WASTE AS RESOURCE 687 Reauthorization Act 733 Background and Perspective 687 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering 689 14–5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 734 Recycling 689 Waste Minimization 734 Composting 693 Waste Exchange 737 Source Reduction 693 Recycling 737 13–6 SOLID WASTE REDUCTION 695 14–6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 738 Combustion Processes 695 Biological Treatment 738 Types of Incinerators 696 Chemical Treatment 740
The list of books you might like
