Principles Of Environmental Chemistry PDF
Preview Principles Of Environmental Chemistry
PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Dedicated to my wife, Connie Diamant, the real environmentalist in our home. Image © Vividfour/ShutterStock, Inc. BRIEF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Planet Earth: Rocks, Life, and Energy CHAPTER 2 Earth’s Soil and Agriculture: Feeding the Earth’s People CHAPTER 3 The Earth’s Atmosphere CHAPTER 4 Global Warming and Climate Change CHAPTER 5 Chemistry of the Troposphere CHAPTER 6 Chemistry of the Stratosphere CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Air and Air Pollutants CHAPTER 8 Water Resources CHAPTER 9 Water Pollution and Water Treatment CHAPTER 10 Analysis of Water and Wastewater CHAPTER 11 Fossil Fuels: Our Major Source of Energy CHAPTER 12 Nuclear Power CHAPTER 13 Energy Sources for the Future CHAPTER 14 Inorganic Metals in the Environment CHAPTER 15 Organic Chemicals in the Environment CHAPTER 16 Sustainability and Green Chemistry CHAPTER 17 Insecticides, Herbicides, and Insect Control CHAPTER 18 Toxicology CHAPTER 19 Asbestos CHAPTER 20 The Disposal of Dangerous Wastes APPENDIX A Solubility Products, K sp APPENDIX B Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution at 25°C APPENDIX C Standard Redox Potentials in Aqueous Solutions APPENDIX D Carbon Compounds: An Introduction to Organic Chemistry APPENDIX E Answers to Even-Numbered Questions GLOSSARY INDEX Image © Vividfour/ShutterStock, Inc. CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER 1 Planet Earth: Rocks, Life, and Energy The Formation of the Universe Galaxies and Stars The Planets in Our Solar System The Sun Differentiation of the Earth into Layers Heating of the Earth The Core The Mantle The Crust Plate Tectonics Relative Abundance of the Elements in the Earth Formation of the Oceans Formation of the Atmosphere Rocks and Minerals The Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rocks as Natural Resources Ores and Metals Iron Aluminum Copper Strategic Metals Mineral Reserves The Origin of Life on Earth The Uniqueness of the Earth The Environment Ecosystems Producers and Consumers The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems What Is Energy? Energy Transformations Food Chains and Trophic Levels Energy and Biomass Concentration Units Molarity and Molar Solutions Parts per Million Parts per Billion Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Oxygen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Nature’s Cycles in Balance Additional Sources of Information Keywords Questions and Problems CHAPTER 2 Earth’s Soil and Agriculture: Feeding the Earth’s People Population Growth Population Arithmetic The Development of Modern Agriculture Soil Soil Texture The Inorganic Component Humus: The Organic Component Soil pH Soil Erosion Plant Nutrients Nitrogen Anhydrous Ammonia Ammonium Salts Urea Phosphorus Potassium Secondary Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur Micronutrients Mixed Fertilizers The Use of Synthetic Inorganic Fertilizers Organic Fertilizers Composting New Varieties of Crop Plants Can We Feed Tomorrow’s World? Additional Sources of Information Keywords Questions and Problems CHAPTER 3 The Earth’s Atmosphere The Major Layers in the Atmosphere Temperature Changes in the Atmosphere Pressure and Density Changes in the Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Units Used to Describe Atmospheric Chemistry Parts per Million, Parts per Billion, and Parts per Trillion Molecules per Cubic Centimeter Micrograms per Cubic Meter Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation The Earth’s Heat Balance Particles in the Atmosphere Suspended Particulate Matter Aerosol Particles Anthropogenic Sources of Particulate Matter Residence Times of Particles Control of Particulate Emissions Additional Sources of Information Keywords Questions and Problems CHAPTER 4 Global Warming and Climate Change Global Temperature from the Ice Ages to Present Time The Increase in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Infrared Absorption and Molecular Vibrations Residence Time of Atmospheric Gases Atmospheric Water Vapor Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Atmospheric Methane Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide Atmospheric Chlorofluorocarbons Radioactive Forcing Radiative Forcing Caused by Human Activity Radiative Forcing Caused by Nature Evidence for Global Warming Effects of Global Warming Slowing Global Warming Additional Sources of Information Keywords
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