Principles of Electronic Communication Systems

945 Pages·2007·141.686 MB·English

by  Louis E. Frenzel Jr.

Electronic
Principles of
Communication
Systems
· ----------------~~----------------~~~--
Third Edition
Louis E. Frenzel
Electronic Design Magazine
[R
Higher Education
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• Higher Education
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, THIRD EDITION
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ISBN 978-0-07-310704-2
MHID 0--07-310704-2
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The credits section for this book begins on page 919 and is considered an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Frenzel. Louis. E.
Principles of electronic communication systems I Louis E. Frenzel. -3rd ed.
p. em.
ISBN 978-0-07-310704-2- ISBN 0-07-310704-2
I. Telecommunications- Textbooks. 2. Wireless communication systems-Textbook~.
l. Title.
TK5101.F664 2008
62J.382-dc22
2006052501
www.mhhe.com
Contents
•
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic
Communication 1
1-1 The Significance of Human 1-5 The Electromagnetic
Communication 3 Spectrum 12
1-2 Communication Systems 3 1-6 Bandwidth 18
1-3 Types of Electronic 1-7 A Survey of Communication
Commumcation 6 Applications 22
1-4 Modulation and 1-8 Careers in the
Multiplexmg 8 Communication Industry 24
Chapter 2 The Fu nda menta Is of Electronics:
A Review 30
2-1 Gam, Attenuation, and Decibels 31 2-3 Filters 56
2-2 Tuned Orcu1ts 41 2-4 Fourier Theory 78
Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation
Fundamentals 93
3-1 AM Concepts 94 3-4 AM Power 105
3-2 Modulation Index and Percentage 3-5 Single-Sideband
of Modulat1on 96 Modulation 109
3-3 Sidebands and the Frequency 3-6 Classification of Radio
Domain 99 Emissions 114
Chapter 4 Amplitude Modulator and
De mod uI a tor Circuits 118
4-1 Basic Pnnc1ples of Amplitude 4-4 Balanced Modulators 136
Modulation 119
4-5 SSB Circuits 143
4-2 Amplitude Modulators 122
4-3 Amplitude Demodulators 131
iii
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Frequency
Modulation 152
5-1 Basic Principles of Frequency 5-4 Noise-Suppression Effects
Modulation 153 of FM 165
5-2 Principles of Phase 5-5 Frequency Modulation
Modulation 155 versus Amplitude
5-3 Modulation Index and Modulation 169
Sidebands 158
Chapter 6 FM Circuits 174
6-1 Frequency Modulators 175
6-2 Phase Modulators 183
6-3 Frequency Demodulators 189
Chapter 7 Digital Communication Techniques 199
7-1 Digital Transmission of Data 200 7-4 Pulse Modulation 229
7-2 Parallel and Serial 7-5 Digital Signal
Transmission 203 Processing 235
7-3 Data Conversion 205
Chapter 8 Radio Transmitters 243
8-1 Transmitter Fundamentals 244 8-4 I mpeda nee-Matching
8-2 Carrier Generators 248 Networks 280
8-3 Power Amplifiers 265 8-5 Typical Transmitter
Circuits 290
Chapter 9 Communication Receivers 297
9-1 Basic Principles of Signal 9-5 Noise 321
Reproduction 298
9-6 Typical Receiver
9-2 Superheterodyne Receivers 303 Circuits 332
9-3 Frequency Conversion 305 9-7 Receivers and
9-4 Intermediate Frequency Transceivers 346
and Images 314
Chapter 10 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 357
10-1 Multiplexing Principles 358 10-4 Pulse-Code Modulation 376
10-2 Frequency-Division 10-5 Duplexing 382
Multiplexing 359
10-3 Time-Division Multiplexing 368
iv Conten1s
Chapter 11 The Transmission of Binary Data in
Communication Systems 385
11-1 Digital Codes 386 11-5 Wideband Modulation 414
11-2 Principles of Digital 11-6 Broadband Modem
Transmission 389 Techniques 423
11-3 Transmission Efficiency 394 11-7 Error Detection and
11-4 Modem Concepts and Correction 430
Methods 400 11-8 Protocols 438
Chapter 12 Introduction to Networking
and Local-Area Networks 447
12-1 Network Fundamentals 448 12-3 Ethernet LANs 463
12-2 LAN Hardware 455 12-4 Token-Ring LAN 474
Chapter 13 Transmission Lines 480
13-1 Transmission Line Basics 481 13-3 Transmission Lines as Circu1t
13-2 Standing Waves 494 Elements 503
13-4 The Smith Chart 508
Chapter 14 Antennas and Wave Propagation 522
14-1 Antenna Fundamentals 523 14-3 Radio Wave
14-2 Common Antenna Types 531 Propagation 557
Chapter 15 Internet Technologies 574
15-1 Internet Applications 575 15-3 Storage-Area Networks 593
15-2 Internet TransmiSSIOn Systems 578 15-4 Internet Security 596
Chapter 16 Microwave Communication 604
16-1 Microwave Concepts 605 16-5 Microwave Tubes 636
16-2 Microwave lines and Devices 611 16-6 Microwave Antennas 641
16-3 Waveguides and Cavity 16-7 Microwave Applications 658
Resonators 620
16-4 Microwave Scm1conductor D1odes 632
Chapter 17 Satellite Communication 670
17-1 Satellite Orbits 671 17-4 Ground Stations 688
17-2 Satellite Commun1cation 17-5 Satellite Applications 695
Systems 678 17-6 Global Positioning
17-3 Satellite Subsystems 682 System 699
Contents v
Chapter 18 Telecommunication Systems 709
18-1 Telephones 710 1 8-4 Paging Systems 738
18-2 Telephone System 725 18-5 Internet Telephony 743
18-3 Facsimile 732
Chapter 19 Optical Communication 749
19-1 Optical Principles 750 19-5 Wavelength-Division
19-2 Optical Communication Multiplexing 783
Systems 754 19-6 Passive Optical
19-3 Rber-Optic Cables 759 Networks 785
19-4 Optical Transmitters and
Receivers 769
Chapter 20 Cell Phone Technologies 792
20-1 Cellular Telephone Systems 793
20-2 Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS} 798
20-3 Digital Cell Phone System 803
Chapter 21 Wireless Technologies 823
21-1 Wireless IAN 825 21-5 Infrared Wireless 835
21-2 PANs and Bluetooth 829 21-6 Radio-Frequency
21-3 ZigBee and Mesh Wireless Identification and Near-Field
Networks 831 Communications 840
21-4 WiMAX and Wireless Metropolitan- 21-7 Ultrawideband Wireless 845
Area Networks 833
Chapter 22 Communication Tests and
Measurements 852
22-1 Communication Test Equipment 853
22-2 Common Communication Tests 866
22-3 Troubleshooting Techniques 883
22-4 Electromagnetical Interference Testing 889
Answers to Selected Problems 898
Glossary 900
Credits 919
Index 920
vi Contents
Preface
•
This new third edition of Principles of Electronic Communication Systems is fully revised
and updated to make it one of the most current textbooks available on wireless.
networking, and other communications technologies. Because the field of electronic
communications changes so fast. it is a never-ending challenge to keep a textbook up to
date. While principles do not change, their emphasis and relevance do as technology
evolves. Furthermore. students need not only a firm grounding in the fundamentals but
also an essential understanding of the real world components, circuits. equipment. and
systems in everyday use. This latest edition attempts to balance the principles with an
overview of the latest techniques.
One of the major goals of this latest revision is to increase the emphasis on the
system lel'el undersiCmding of wireless. networking. and other communications tech
nologies. Because of the heavy integration of communications circuits today, the engi
neer and the technician now work more with printed circuit boards, modules. plug-in
cards. and equipment rather than component level circuits. As a result, older obsolete
circuits have been removed from this text and replaced with more integrated circuits and
block diagram level analysis. Modem communications engineer~ and technician~ work
with specifications and standards and spend their time testing, measuring. installing. and
troubleshooting. This edition moves in that direction. Detailed circuit analysis is still
included in selected area., where it proves useful in understanding the concepts and issues
in current equipment.
In the past, a course in communications was considered an option in many electronic
programs. Today. communications is the largest sector of the electronics field with the
most employees and the largest equipment sales annually. In addition, wireles., network
ing or other communications technologies are now contained in almost every electronic
product. This makes a J.-nowledge and understanding of communication a must rather than
an option for every student. Witholll at least one course in communications, the student
may graduate with an incomplete view of the products and systems so common today.
This book can provide the background to meet the needs of' such a general course.
As the Communications and Networking Editor for Electronic Design Magazine
(Penton Media) and editor of the Wireless System Design Update online newsletter. I
witness daily the continuous changes in the components. circuits. equipment, systems,
and applications of modern communications. As I research the field. interview engineers
and executives, and attend the many conferences for the articles and column<> I write. I
have come to see the growing imponance of communications in all of our lives. I have
tried to bring that perspective to this latest edition where the most recent techniques and
technologies arc e.\.plained. That perspective coupled with the feedback and insight from
some of you who teach this subject has resulted in a text that best fits the 21'>t century
student.
New to this Edition
Here is a chapter-by-chapter summary of revisions and additions to this new edition.
Chapter I Significant update of the applications section.
Chapter 2 Revised and updated section on filters.
Chapter~ 3-6 General editing and updating of circuits.
vii
Chapter 7 Previously chapter 8 on Digital Communications Techniques. Exten
sive update of the section on data conversion to include new ADC and
DAC circuits and expanded specifications section. DSP section has also
been updated.
Chapter 8 Previously chapter 7 on Radio Transmitters. Expanded coverage of the
1/Q architecture for digital data transmission. Addition of broadband
linear power amplifiers using feedforward and adaptive predistortion
techniques. Addition of lSM band lC transmitters. The section on vac
uum LUbe power amplifiers has been removed but will be available on
line if anyone needs it.
Chapter 9 Expanded coverage of receiver sensitivity and signal to noise ratio, its
importance and calculation. Increased coverage of the software-defined
radio (SDR) and introduction to cognitive radio. Updated section on
receiver circuits and transceivers. Description of a typical wireless LAN
transceiver chip.
Chapter 10 Addition of code division multiple access. the Radio Data System and
SCA subsystems in FM radios. Elimination of the older no-longer-used
PAM telemetry system coverage. A new section on time and frequency
division duplexing.
Chapter II Expanded coverage of digital modulation and spectral efficiency. Addi
tion of an explanation of how different digital modulation schemes
affect the bit error rate (BER) in communications systems. Compar
isons based on BER vs. carTier to noise radio (C/N) are added. Updated
sections on spread spectrum and OFDM. A new section on convolu
tional and turbo coding.
Chapter 12 Previous chapter 12 Computer Networking has been revised into a new
chapter called Introduction to Networking and LANs. The coverage has
been expanded and updated to include things like mesh networking fun
damentals, the latest Ethernet standards including Power over Ethernet
(PoE). and improved explanation of LAN equipment.
Chapter 13 Minor revisions and updates.
Chapter 14 Improved explanation of the near and far fields. introduction to the
automatic antenna tuner.
Chapter 15 A new chapter focusing on the Internet. chapter 9 includes the Inter
net material from the previous chapter 12 but with extensive new mate
rial. Detailed explanation of how information travels via the Internet.
Addition of descriptions of Internet core technologies like ATM, Frame
Relay, and Sonet. Considerably expanded discussion of the TCP/IP
protocol. Expanded explanation of routers including line cards and
switch fabrics. Introduction of a new section on storage area networks
(SANs) and their transmission technologies including Fibre Channel
and iSCSl. A new section on Internet security including encryption and
authentication.
Chapter 16 Extensively revised and updated. New material on microwave antennas
including phased arrays, beam forming arrays, adaptive antennas. and
the smaller ceramic and PC board antennas like the loop, meander line.
and inverted-F. The concepts of diversity and muJtiple input multiple
output (MIMO) are added.
Chapter 17 Revised and updated. New materials include a section on Very Small
Aperture Terminals and expanded coverage of GPS.
Chapter 18 Elimination of the section on paging. Updated section on cordless
phones. New section on voice over Internet protocol (YoiP) digital
telephones.
viii Preface
Chapter 19 New !>ection on MSA optical transceiver modules. types and specifica
tions. Expanded section on electronic dispersion compensation. New
section on pas!>ive optical networks (PONs) u~ed in fiber to the home
(FITH) broadband systems.
Chapter 20 Thi~> is a new chapter on Cell Phone Technologies. It covers all major
analog and digital cell phone standards and systems and frequency
allocations. GSM, GPRS, and EDGE TDM systems are covered as well
as both cdma2000 and WCDMA systems. Typical chips are reviewed.
Fourth generation systems are introduced.
Chapter 21 A new chapter on wireless technologies. Coverage includes wireless
LAN (802.11 alb/g/n), Bluetooth, Zig Bee. Ultra wideband (UWB).
WiMAX, RFID, ncar field communications (NFC), JSM band short
range radios. and infrared wireless. Coverage of personal area networks
and mesh systems is included.
Chapter 22 Communication!> Tests and Measurement chapter is revised and
updated. A new section on the widely used boundary scan and JTAG
test system for chips and boards has been added.
Chapter 23 Television has been dropped from the book, but the chapter has been
revised and updated, and placed on the Online Learning Center web
site for those who choose to assign it. It now includes new digital tele
vision information. new cable standards, and mobile (cell phone video)
television standards.
In a large book such as thi-., it's difficult to give every one what he or she wants. Some
want more depth other!> greater breadth. J tried to strike a balance between the two. As
always, l am always eager to hear from those of you who usc the book and welcome
your suggestions for the next edition.
learning Features
Principles of Electronic Communic(lfion Systems third edition has been completely
redesigned to give it a more attractive and accessible page layout. To guide readers and
provide an integrated learning approach. each chapter contains the following features:
• Chapter Objectives
• Key Terms
• Pioneers of Electronics articles
• Good to Know margin features
• Examples with solutions
• Chapter Summary
• Questions
• Problems
• Critical Thinking
Student Resources
Laboratory a Activities Manual
A major change with this third edition is the availability of a new laboratory manual.
The Lab Manual developed for the second edition will be retained for those of you who
u~c it. This new Laboratory & Activities Manual provides more actual hands-on hard
ware experiments with modern circuits and components. While many circuiL'i arc still
explored. the attempt is to push toward more systems-level experiments. Building a prac
tical. affordable but meaningful lab is one of the more difficult pans of creating a col
lege cour~e in communications. Thi::. new manual provides practice in the principles by
Preface ix