Principles of Criminal Law Seventh Edition by Andrew Ashworth, Jeremy Horder PDF
Preview Principles of Criminal Law Seventh Edition by Andrew Ashworth, Jeremy Horder
Preface Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn) Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013 Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013 DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001 Preface For this seventh edition I am delighted to be joined by Professor Jeremy Horder. He has undertaken most of the revisions for this edition, and I am grateful to him for bringing his deep knowledge and understanding of the criminal law to bear on the text. There have been considerable developments both in the law and in scholarship in the four years since the last edition. Thus, for example, the homicide provisions of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 have begun to be interpreted by the courts, and there have been substantial developments in the law on complicity. These and other changes have been taken into account, and it is hoped that statements of the law were correct at 1 December 2012. The general layout and order of chapters remain unchanged for this edition. The context and functions of the criminal law are outlined in Chapter 1, and Chapter 2 on criminalization examines reasons for creating or for not creating criminal laws. Chapter 3 then discusses key principles and policies relevant to the criminal law. In Chapters 4, 5, and 6, the ‘general part’ elements of culpability, justification, and excuse are analysed: Chapter 4 deals generally with actus reus questions, Chapter 5 is devoted to criminal capacity (insanity, infancy, and corporate liability) as well as to mens rea issues, and Chapter 6 deals with excusatory defences. Three areas of the special part of the criminal law are then selected for examination: Chapter 7 deals with homicide, Chapter 8 with non-fatal physical violations Preface (including sexual offences), and Chapter 9 with offences of dishonesty. The book concludes with Chapter 10 on complicity and Chapter 11 on inchoate offences. As in previous editions, the focus of the book is upon the identification and discussion of issues of principle and policy raised by the statements of the courts, Parliament, the law reform bodies, and academic commentators. The judgments of the courts provide much material for discussion, and the resurgence of criminal law scholarship has continued, with the publication of important new monographs, articles, and essays. The contention is not that English criminal law is grounded in a stable set of established doctrines: on the contrary, there is ample evidence that the arguments and assumptions that influence the development of the law form a disparate group, sometimes conflicting and sometimes invoked selectively. Often there are political factors influencing the shape of legislation or the activities of law enforcement officers, and reference is made to these below. But the aim of the book is to focus on principles, some of which are immanent in existing legal rules and practices, some of which are not recognized (or not fully recognized) and which are commended here on normative grounds. To conduct a full normative argument on many of these points would require greater detail, in discussing elements of moral and political philosophy or of criminology, than is possible within the confines of this book. The same applies to (p. vi) comparative legal material: some references are made, particularly to the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, but it is not possible to go much further here. The processes of Oxford University Press have been splendidly efficient, and we are grateful to John Carroll and Natasha Flemming for their support. We have retained the gender specific ‘he’ in most parts of the book when referring to defendants and offenders, on the ground that the vast majority of them are male. A.J.A. New to this Edition Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn) Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013 Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013 DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001 New to this Edition • Increased coverage of key cases for undergraduates. • Takes full account of the effect of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 on the law of homicide. • Provides discussion of key new cases including: • R v Clinton, Parker and Evans [2012] EWCA Crim 2 (loss of self-control), and • R v Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim 281 (diminished responsibility). • The chapter on Complicity has also been substantially revised, in part to take account of recent cases such as R v ABCD [2010] EWCA Crim 1622. (p. viii) Table of cases Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn) Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013 Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013 DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001 Table of cases A (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation), Re [2000] 4 All ER 961 101, 107, 119, 133, 134, 239 A v Home Secretary [2004] UKHL 56 50, 51, 81 A v UK 118 ABCD [2010] EWCA Crim 1622 437 Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 212 Abdul-Hussain et al [1999] Crim LR 570 208 Acott [1997] 2 Cr App R 94 253, 255 Adams [1957] Crim LR 365 132, 281, 282 Adomako [1995] 1 AC 171 290, 293, 294, 299, 301 ADT v United Kingdom (2000) 31 EHRR 33 338, 340 Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889 (CA) 254, 255 Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 100, 101, 133, 239, 282 Aitken (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 196, 324 Albert v Lavin (1981) 72 Cr App R 178 216 Aldo Bordessa (C–358/93 & C–416/93) [1995] ECR I–361 61 Allan [1965] 1 QB 130 426 Table of cases Allen [1988] Crim LR 698 200 Allen v Whitehead [1930] 1 KB 211 149 Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824 105, 152, 164 Anderson [1986] AC 27 476 Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560 466 Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 176, 287, 289, 290 Andronicou and Constantinou v Cyprus (1998) 25 EHRR 491 121, 126–8 Arnold [1997] Crim LR 833 385 Arrowsmith [1975] QB 678 222 Associated Octel [1996] 1 WLR 1543 148, 164 Atakpu and Abrahams (1994) 98 Cr App R 254 376 Attorney-General v Able [1984] 1 QB 795 433 Attorney-General for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324 385 Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley [2005] 2 AC 580 258, 266 Attorney-General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 159, 194 Attorney-General for Northern Ireland's Reference [1977] AC 105 123, 129 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1974) [1974] QB 744 403 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 422, 430, 433, 447, 448 Attorney-General's References (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180 387 Attorney General's Reference (No. 1 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 322 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 4 of 1980) [1981] 1 WLR 705; (1981) 73 Cr App R 40 104, 159 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 323 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1982) [1984] QB 624 383 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182 385 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1983) 123 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1985) (1986) 83 Cr App R 70 385 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1988) (1989) 89 Cr App R 60 68 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1992) (1993) 96 Cr App R 298 463, 475 Attorney General's Reference (No. 2 of 1992) (1993) 97 Cr App R 429 89 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 3 of 1992) (1994) 98 Cr App R 383 460 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245 190, 238, 246 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1995) [1996] 2 Cr App R 320 222 Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1999) [2000] 2 Cr App R 207 60, 151 Attorney General's Reference (No. 4 of 2000) [2001] Crim LR 578 87 Attorney-General's Reference No. 4 of 2002 [2004] UKHL 43 72 Attorney-General's Reference No. 3 of 2003 [2004] EWCA Crim 868 332 Attorney General's Reference (No. 3 of 2004) [2005] EWCA Crim 1882 440 Attorney General's Reference (No. 79 of 2006) (Whitta) [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 752 355 B (Refusal of treatment), Re [2002] 2 All ER 449 277, 278 B v DPP [2000] 2 AC 428 99, 166, 167, 218, 231, 357, 366 B v K [2002] 1 AC 462 99 (p. xx) Badza [2010] EWCA Crim 1363 444 Bagshaw [1988] Crim LR 321 388 Bailey (1983) 77 Cr App R 76 93, 199, 201 Baillie [1995] Crim LR 739 254, 255 Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 219 435 Page 2 of 15 Table of cases Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 449 Baker and Ward [1999] 2 Cr App R 335 211 Ball [1989] Crim LR 579 121, 289 Barnes [2005] 1 WLR 910 323 Basherdost [2008] EWCA Crim 2883 346 Bateman (1925) 94 LJKB 791 289 Battams (1979) 1 Cr App R (S) 15 402 Baugh v Crago [1976] Crim LR 72 186 Beasley et al (1987) 9 Cr App R (S) 504 329 Beatty v Gillbanks (1882) 9 QBD 308 125 Becerra and Cooper (1975) 62 Cr App R 212 449 Beckford v R [1988] 1 AC 130 116, 125, 216, 217 Bedder v DPP [1954] 2 All ER 201 259, 260 Benham v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 293 3 Billam (1986) 82 Cr App R 347 336 Bilton, Daily Telegraph, 20 July 2005 91, 143 Bingham [1991] Crim LR 433 91 Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816 124 Birmingham and Gloucester Railway Co (1842) 3 QB 223 147, 149, 152 Black-Clawson International v Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenber AG [1975] AC 591 68 Blakely and Sutton v Chief Constable of West Mercia [1991] Crim LR 763 201, 432, 434 Bland [1988] Crim LR 41 425 Blaue (1975) 61 Cr App R 271 113 Bloxham [1983] 1 AC 109 403 Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6 245, 311 Bonner (1970) 54 Cr App R 257 383 Bonollo [1981] VR 633 393 Booth v CPS (2006) 170 JP 305 178 Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 109, 132, 133, 430, 445, 446 Bowen [1996] 2 Cr App R 157 206, 212, 229 Bradbury [1996] Crim LR 808 425 Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386 90 Breaks and Huggan [1998] Crim LR 349 385 Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804 351 Briggs [2004] 1 Cr App R 34 377 British Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356 148, 164 Broad [1997] Crim LR 666 472 Brook [1993] Crim LR 455 403 Broome v Perkins (1987) 85 Cr App R 321 88, 89 Brown [1985] Crim LR 611 364, 399 Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 327 Brown v United States (1921) 256 US 335 129, 132 Bryce [2004] 2 Cr App R 35 431, 433, 436, 451 Bubbins v UK (2005) 41 EHRR 458 127, 128 Burgess [1991] 2 QB 92 91, 143 Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396 269 C The Times, 9 June 2008 363 Page 3 of 15 Table of cases C v DPP 60 C v Eisenhower [1984] QB 331 311 CR and SW v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 363 81 Caldwell [1982] AC 341 176, 179–83, 195, 232, 290 Calhaem [1985] QB 808 115, 430, 431 Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely CC v Rust [1972] 1 QB 426 222 Campbell (1991) 93 Cr App R 350 463, 464 Cantoni v France (1997) VIII HRCD 130 220 Carey [2006] Crim LR 842 289 Carter v Richardson [1974] RTR 314 432 Cartledge v Allen [1973] Crim LR 530 312 Cato [1976] 1 WLR 110; (1976) 62 Cr App R 41 105–107, 296 Celaire and Poulton [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 610 333 Chambers [2008] EWCA Crim 2467 219 Chan Chi-hung v R [1996] AC 442 61 Chan Man-Sin v Attorney-General for Hong Kong (1988) 86 Cr App R 303 377 Chan Wing-Siu [1985] AC 168 438 Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763 174, 175 Chan-Fook (1994) 99 Cr App R 147 311 Charles (1976) 63 Cr App R 252 70 Charlson [1955] 1 WLR 317 89 Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Bank [1981] Ch 105 385 Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844 106, 111 Chisam (1963) 47 Cr App R 130 123, 216 Chiu-cheung [1995] 1 AC 111 476 Christian v R [2006] 2 AC 400 219 Church [1966] 1 QB 59 158, 159, 288 Churchill v Walton [1967] 2 AC 224 473 Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23 311, 312, 317, 321 Clark [2003] 2 Cr App R 363 64 Clarke (1972) 56 Cr App R 225 142 Clarke (1982) 75 Cr App R 119 70 Clarke (1984) 80 Cr App R 344 434, 450 Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402 425, 426 Clegg [1996] 1 AC 482 (HL) 265 Clingham v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea [2003] 1 AC 787 43, 53 (p. xxi) Clinton, Parker and Evans [2012] EWCA Crim 2 262 Clouden [1987] Crim LR 56 396, 397 Cockburn (1968) 52 Cr App R 134 386 Cocker [1989] Crim LR 740 (CA) 270, 281 Cogan and Leak [1976] 1 QB 217 109, 346, 354, 445, 447 Collins [1973] QB 100 399, 400 Collins v Willcock (1984) 79 Cr App R 229 317, 318 Conally v General Construction Co (1926) 269 US 385 65 Concannon [2002] Crim LR 215 421 Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534 424, 425 Constanza [1997] 2 Cr App R 492 318, 319 Page 4 of 15 Table of cases Conway [1989] 3 All ER 1025; (1988) 88 Cr App R 159 205, 206 Cook v Atchison [1968] Crim LR 266 87 Cooper v Simmons (1862) 7 H and N 707 222 Coppen v Moore (No. 2) [1898] 2 QB 306 149 Corbett [1996] Crim LR 594 112 Corcoran v Whent [1977] Crim LR 52 376 Cotter [2002] Crim LR 824 64 Court [1989] AC 28 344 Courtie [1984] AC 463 398 Cousins [1982] QB 526 123 Craig [2007] EWCA Crim 2913 404 Crossman (1986) 82 Cr App R 333 301 Cumming [2007] 2 Cr App R (S) 20 277 Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 176, 186 Cunningham [1982] AC 566 245, 246 Dadson (1850) 4 Cox CC 358 122 Dagnall [2003] EWCA Crim 2441 350 Davies [2004] 1 Cr App R (S) 209 398 Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 289 Dawson and James (1976) 64 Cr App R 150 396 Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 113 Densu [1998] 1 Cr App R 400 333 Devonald [2008] EWCA Crim 527 346, 347 Deyemi and Edwards [2008] 1 Cr App R 25 99, 167, 168 Dhaliwal [2006] 2 Cr App R 348 287, 311, 314 Dica [2004] QB 1257 321 Dietschmann [2003] 1 AC 1209 271, 321 Donnelly v Jackman (1969) 54 Cr App R 229 318 Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 322 Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R 319 256, 257 Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim 281 271, 272 DPP v Camplin [1978] AC 705 (HL) 259, 260 DPP v Collins [2007] 1 Cr App R 5 32 DPP v Dunn [2001] 1 Cr App R 352 328 DPP v H [1997] 1 WLR 1406 143, 161 DPP v Hammond [2004] Crim LR 851 32 DPP v K (1990) 91 Cr App R 23 317 DPP v K and B [1997] 1 Cr App R 36 445, 446 DPP v Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd [1944] KB 146 150 DPP v Lavender [1994] Crim LR 297 388 DPP v Little (1992) 95 Cr App R 28 316 DPP v Lynch [1977] AC 653 212 DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443 92, 195, 197, 198 DPP v Morgan [1976] 1 AC 182 195, 215, 342, 354 DPP v Newbury and Jones [1977] AC 500 288 DPP v Redmond-Bate [1999] Crim LR 998 32 DPP v Rogers [1998] Crim LR 202 208 Page 5 of 15 Table of cases DPP v Santana-Bermudez [2004] Crim LR 471 317 DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 311 DPP v Withers [1975] AC 842 468 DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653 206 DPP for Northern Ireland v Maxwell [1978] 3 All ER 1140 471 Du Cros v Lambourne [1907] 1 KB 40 427 Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 149 326, 338 Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 131–3, 212, 213 Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932 253 Durante [1972] 3 All ER 962 195 Dyke and Munro [2002] 1 Cr App R 30; [2002] Crim LR 153 382, 384 Dytham [1979] QB 722, 332 E.B. [2006] EWCA Crim 2945 351 Easom [1971] 2 QB 315 387 Edwards v Ddin (1976) 63 Cr App R 218 376 Edwards v R [1973] AC 648 159 Elbekkay [1995] Crim LR 163 61, 348 El-Kurd [2001] Crim LR 234 473 Elliott v C (1983) 77 Cr App R 103 180 Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 394 102, 422 Emmett (1999) The Times 15 October. 326 Engel v Netherlands (1976) 1 EHRR 647 3 English [1999] AC 1 440, 443, 444 Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) [1999] 2 AC 22 110, 149 Evans [2009] EWCA Crim 650 292, 293 Evans v Hughes [1972] 3 All ER 412 123, 333 F, Re [1990] 2 AC 1 133 Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 157, 158 Fallon [1994] Crim LR 519 310, 312 Feely [1973] QB 530 390, 393 (p. xxii) Fennell [1971] 1 QB 428 121 Ferguson v Weaving [1951] 1 KB 814 423 Fernandes [1996] 1 Cr App R 175 387 Field [1972] Crim LR 435 124 Finau v Department of Labour [1984] 2 NZLR 396 96 Finney (1874) 12 Cox CC 625 289 Flattery (1877) 2 QBD 410 347 Floyd v DPP [2000] Crim LR 411 385 Forbes and Webb (1865) 10 Cox CC 362 315 Forrester [1992] Crim LR 792 396 Fotheringham (1989) 88 Cr App R 206 196 Fowler v Padget (1798) 7 Term Rep 509 157 G [2004] 1 AC 1034 176, 179–81, 188 G [2008] UKHL 37 73, 167, 357 Gallasso (1994) 98 Cr App R 284 375 Gammon v Attorney-General for Hong Kong [1985] AC 1 166 Gateway Foodmarkets Ltd [1997] Crim LR 512 148, 164 Page 6 of 15
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