Principles of Computer Science

396 Pages·2016·32.707 MB·English

by  Salem Press

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Salem
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Principles of
Computer Science
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Principles of
Computer Science
Editor
Donald R. Franceschetti, PhD
The University of Memphis
SALEM PRESS
A Division of EBSCO Information Services, Inc.
Ipswich, Massachusetts
GREY HOUSE PUBLISHING
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Copyright © 2016, by Salem Press, a Division of EBSCO Information Services, Inc., and Grey House Publishing, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information s torage
and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. For permissions requests, contact
[email protected].
∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, Z39.48‑1992 (R2009)
Publisher’s Cataloging-In-Publication Data
(Prepared by The Donohue Group, Inc.)
Names: Franceschetti, Donald R., 1947‑ editor.
Title: Principles of computer science / editor, Donald R. Franceschetti, PhD, the University of Memphis.
Description: [First edition]. | Ipswich, Massachusetts : Salem Press, a division of EBSCO Information Services, Inc. ;
[Amenia, New York] : Grey House Publishing, [2016] | Series: Principles of | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: ISBN 978-1-68217-139-4 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Computer science.
Classification: LCC QA76 .P75 2016 | DDC 004—dc23
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Publisher's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Deadlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Editor's Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Demon dialing/war dialing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Device drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3-D printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Digital citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Agile robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Digital forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
ALGOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Digital signal processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Digital watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Android OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dirty paper coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Applied linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Architecture software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Electronic circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Electronic communication software . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Autonomic computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Electronic waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Avatars and simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Binary/hexadecimal representations . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Biochemical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Fitbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Biomedical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 FORTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Biometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Functional design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Game programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Graphical user interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
CAD/CAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Graphics formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Cloud computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Green computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Communication technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Information technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
CompTIA A+ certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Integrated development environments . . . . . . . . 156
Computer animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Intelligent tutoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Computer Circuitry: Flip flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Internet privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Computer Circuitry: Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . 67 iOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Computer memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Computer modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 LISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Computer programming: Image editing . . . . . . . . 73
Computer programming: Music editing . . . . . . . . 76 Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Computer programming: Video editing . . . . . . . . 78 Medical technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Computer security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Mesh networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Computer-assisted instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Metacomputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Connection machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Microprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Constraint programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Microscale 3-D printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mobile apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Mobile operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
CPU design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Molecular Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Motherboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
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Contents Principles of Physics
Multiprocessing operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Software architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Multitasking operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Software regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Multithreading operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Software testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Multitouch displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Software-defined radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Multi-user operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Speech-recognition software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Natural language processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Turing machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Networking: routing and switches . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Turing test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Neuromorphic chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Object-oriented design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Web design programming tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Parallel processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Web graphic design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Personal health monitor technology . . . . . . . . . .223 Windows operating system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Personalized medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Wireframes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Privacy regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Wireless networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Programming languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Workplace monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
PROLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
Appendices
Quantum computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 History of Events Leading up to the
Quantum computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Development of Modern Computers . . . . . . . . 295
Timeline of Microprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Random-access memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 The Pioneers of Computer Science . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Removable memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Scaling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Signal processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Smart homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
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Publisher's note
Salem Press is pleased to add Principles of Computer development of the first computers, an explana-
Science as the fourth title in a new Principles of se- tion of analog versus digital computing, neural
ries that includes Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, and networks, the contributions of Alan Turing, and a
Computer Science . This new resource introduces stu- discussion of how advances from vacuum tubes to
dents and researchers to the fundamentals of com- digital processors have fundamentally changed the
puter science using easy-to-understand language, way we live .
giving readers a solid start and deeper understanding
and appreciation of this complex subject . The book’s backmatter is another valuable resource
and includes:
The 117 entries range from 3D printing to Workplace
Monitoring and are arranged in an A to Z order, • A timeline of the developments that related to
making it easy to find the topic of interest . Entries and led up to the first modern computer, starting
include the following: in 2400 BCE with the invention of the abacus in
Babylonia and ending with the 1949 Popular Me-
• Related fields of study to illustrate the connec- chanics prediction that computers of the future
tions between the various branches of computer might weigh no more than 1 .5 tons;
science including computer engineering, soft- • A time of the development of microprocessors
ware engineering, biotechnology, security, robot- from the Intel 4004 in 1971 to the IBM POWER8
ics, gaming, and programming languages; in 2014;
• A brief, concrete summary of the topic and how • Nobel Notes that explain the significance of the
the entry is organized; prizes in physics to the study of the science and
• Principal terms that are fundamental to the dis- • List of important figures in computer science and
cussion and to understanding the concepts their key accomplishment;
presented; • Glossary;
• Illustrations that clarify difficult concepts via mod- • General bibliography; and
els, diagrams, and charts of such key topics as • Subject index .
wide area networks (WAN), electronic circuits,
and quantum computing; Salem Press and Grey House Publishing extend their
• Photographs of significant contributors to the appreciation to all involved in the development
field of computer science; and production of this work . The entries have been
• Sample problems that further demonstrate the written by experts in the field . Their names and affili-
concept presented; ations follow the Editor’s Introduction .
• Further reading lists that relate to the entry .
Principles of Computer Science, as well as all Salem Press
This reference work begins with a comprehen- reference books, is available in print and as an e-
sive introduction to the field, written by editor book . Please visit www .salempress .com for more
Donald R . Franceschetti, PhD, starting with the information .
vii
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editor's Introduction
What is Computer science? The earliest innovations in telegraphy greatly in-
Computer science generally refers to the body of creased the number of messages that could be sent si-
knowledge that allows humans to use mechanical multaneously . It was eventually learned that by using
aids to do mathematical calculations very efficiently . more than two conductors, several symbols could be
While the term computer originally referred to a sent at the same time . Of course, it should be noted
human who was able to do simple arithmetic quickly that the original Morse code used to tap out messages
and accurately, the name has been transferred to pro- with a series of dots and dashes was highly inefficient
grammable automata, which are able to do the same and error prone . Suppose seven wires carried voltage
thousands to billions of times faster . simultaneously . With seven voltages, one can encode
27 =128 symbol choices, a calculation that accounts
Analogue or Digital for the digits of the decimal system plus upper and
There are two basic kinds of computers: analogue lower case letters plus several punctuation marks .
and digital . In an analog process, the system of in- The telegraph thus becomes a teletype machine ca-
terest is modeled by a system obeying the same dy- pable of transmitting information a hundred times
namical laws . Thus a system of mechanical vibrations faster .
might be modeled by a system of capacitors, induc- Once the process of telegraphy was in place, it was
tors, and resistors . In a digital computer, the quantity a simple matter to switch from the network of tele-
of interest is generally encoded in some way and one graph stations to radio . Once amplitude modulation
obtains coded representation of the solution . Some was discovered voice could be transmitted over the
of the advances are fairly mundane and are actually air or over wires with ease . Television eventually fol-
possible to achieve with low-tech adding machines, lowed . Many of the pioneers of electronic technology
if one has enough time . Others are a bit more eso- were self-educated men—men like Thomas Edison,
teric, requiring some abstract mathematics . Almost and Michael Faraday before him—who could read
all computing machines, with the notable exceptions well enough but functioned outside the establish-
of the abacus and slide rule, have come into existence ment of colleges and academic degrees . Even today
since the beginning of the twentieth century and rest there is some controversy over the value of traditional
on the fundamental discoveries made about electro- education as many pioneers of the computer sciences
magnetism since 1800, as well as more recent insights dropped their pursuit of traditional degrees, such as
gained into the process of computation . Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, while means that the ques-
tion still remains open .
Digital Computation Requires a Code Still, formal education came to be an important
Digital computation begins with the selection of aspect of the inexorable march toward the computer
a code so that information can be stored and sent age . In the United Kingdom, while social standing may
over significant distances . It can be difficult for those have prevent many from attending a university enroll-
living in the twenty-first century to appreciate the full ment, entire institutions were set up to teach those
impact of the development of telegraphy, by which who had not the pedigree to be accepted at Oxford
information (letters and numbers) could be trans- or Cambridge, notably the Royal Institution, a school
mitted from one place to another as a series of dots operating under Royal charter and featuring both
and dashes, using a pair of telegraph wires strung be- Sir Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday (who both
tween two cities along with the necessary relay equip- declined to be knighted) as lecturers . Things were
ment . For the first time, the results of a baseball game somewhat more democratic in the United States, with
or a battle or the day’s stock trading could be known public universities in almost every state that were sup-
almost instantly . It’s not surprising that so many in- ported by agriculture and expected to make a contri-
novators in the area of information exchange began bution in return . Private institutions set up chapters
their careers as telegraph operators . of Phi Beta Kappa to encourage traditional study of
ix
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