Principles of Animal Research Ethics PDF
Preview Principles of Animal Research Ethics
Principles of Animal Research Ethics Principles of Animal Research Ethics TOM L. BEAUCHAMP and DAVID DeGRAZIA 1 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978–0–19–093912–0 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America For Ruth Faden and Kathleen Smith for their invaluable support Contents Preface ix Preamble 1 Principles of Animal Research Ethics 5 David DeGrazia and Tom L. Beauchamp The Essential Place of Moral Justification 5 Principles of Social Benefit 6 The Principle of No Alternative Method 7 The Principle of Expected Net Benefit 8 The Principle of Sufficient Value to Justify Harm 9 Principles of Animal Welfare 11 The Principle of No Unnecessary Harm 12 The Principle of Basic Needs 14 The Principle of Upper Limits to Harm 16 The Crucial Role of Ethics Review Committees 18 Scientific Necessity as a Justification for Causing Harm 20 On The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique 21 Critical Commentary by Authorities on Animal Research Ethics 43 The Potential and Impacts of Practical Application of Beauchamp and DeGrazia’s Six Principles 45 Larry Carbone Some Reflections on Primates in Research 61 Frans B. M. de Waal Putting the Ethical Principles into Practice 69 Rebecca Dresser viii Contents The Mouse in the Room: The Critical Distinction Between Regulations and Ethics 79 Joseph P. Garner Compassion for Other Animals Beyond the Human Hierarchy of Concern 99 Brian Hare Commentary on the Beauchamp-D eGrazia Framework of Principles 113 Margaret S. Landi The Six Principles, Philosophy, and Applying Human Ethics to Animals 127 Julian Savulescu Biographical Information on the Authors and Commentators 147 Index 155 Preface This book presents a framework of general principles of animal re- search ethics organized under headings that express the framework’s core values. These principles should be found acceptable by repre- sentatives of both the animal research and the animal protection communities without sacrifice of their basic moral commitments. These two communities are not as clearly distinguishable by their beliefs as many commentators have suggested, and the individuals within each community are not monolithic in their commitments. Many codes of ethics formulated by professional societies such as those in veterinary medicine are available for professionals to consult, and government regulations are in place in almost every country in which animal research is conducted. However, no code or regulatory scheme presents a framework of general principles of animal research ethics together with an analysis of the principles’ meaning and moral requirements. For decades, the sole canonical text in animal research ethics has been William Russell and Rex Burch’s Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which appeared in 1959. This book estab- lished the so-c alled Three Rs: replacing sentient animals with other models where possible; reducing the number of animal subjects to what is needed for statistical adequacy; and refining techniques to reduce animal suffering. The Three-R s conception represents an important advance in the promotion of animal welfare, but this framework does not feature general moral principles that display the core values at work in animal research ethics. In addition, the Three- Rs framework does not adequately address the costs and benefits of animal research to human beings or include a compre- hensive program of protection for animal subjects.
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