Principles of Analytical Chemistry: A Textbook

384 Pages·2000·26.89 MB·English

by  Miguel Valcárcel (auth.)

Principles of Analytical Chemistry
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Miguel Valcarcel
of
Pri cip es
Analytical Chemistry
A Textbook
With 132 Figures
, Springer
Miguel Valcarcel
University of C6rdoba
Department of Analytical Chemistry
Avda. San Alberto Magno, s/n
14004 C6rdoba
Spain
ISBN 978-3-642-62959-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Valcarcel Cases, Miguel.
Principles of analytical chemistry : a textbook 1 Miguel Valcarcel.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-642-62959-4 ISBN 978-3-642-57157-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-57157-2
1. Chemistry, Analytic. 1. Ti tie.
QD75.2 .V35 2000
543-dc21 00-033829
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000
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Foreword
In 1988, Professor Julian Tyson published an informative little book entitled
''Analysis: What Analytical Chemists Do?' Professor Valcarcel's text could well be
called "What Analytical Chemistry Is, What Analytical Chemists Do, and How to
Do It Right:'
Thus, it is concerned with such things as what information is really needed,
cost effectiveness considerations, tradeoffs in analyses, quality control and good
analytical practice.
This book departs from traditional texts in concentrating on the structure of
analytical chemistry, introducing students to analytical concepts, how to obtain
reliable data, and how to interpret it. It does not teach the myriad of techniques
and methodologies, which are reserved for the more conventional texts. It serves
as an introductory text to be taught at the first year level or as a complement to
conventional analytical chemistry texts. Practitioners of analytical chemistry
will also find it useful for placing in context all that they do.
Professor Valcarcel takes a unique hierarchical approach to define and de
scribe concepts and analysis in general. The text builds on and integrates a
number of concepts he has introduced over the years in the analytical chemistry
literature (see, for example, Suggested Readings 1,2,3,7 and 9 in Chapter 1). The
author makes generous use of relational figures throughout the text to aid the
student in visualizing the concepts introduced in each chapter. The reader is
recommended to look first at Figure 1.1 0, which nicely integrates and places in
context the topics covered in the remainder of the text.
Each chapter is introduced with a list of learning objectives, a useful way to
put the topics in perspective. There are boxed materials throughout that provide
more detailed examples of the topics introduced. And at the ends of chapters are
a series of "seminars:' Many are discussion oriented analysis problems, which
can serve for individual study or group discussions, led, for example, by the
instructor, for student centered learning. Others provide worked example
problems. There are also numerous questions at the ends of the chapters aimed
at testing the student's understanding of the concepts introduced in the chapter.
Finally, a list of suggested reading is provided for each.
Chapter 3 has a useful Annex in which actual standard analytical methods are
reproduced to illustrate the analytical process and approach for some specific ana
lyses. There is a useful glossary of terms at the end of the text. I recommend reading
through this initially. It will give a quick flavor of topics to be covered, and provide
a foundation for reading the text. Also, there is a helpful list of terms and symbols.
In order to enhance the flexibility of the text, and assist the instructor in
adapting it for different learning environments or levels of instruction, Professor
Valcarcel has provided a helpful list of topics to be selected at three levels, based
on number of class hours.
VI Foreword
A student who has mastered the material. in this novel text will have an un
usual understanding of what ana:lyticailchemistry is, how it helps us understand
our world, and how it improves 'what we do. It will serve as an excellent basis for
studying the analytical method010'pes taught in quantitative analysis and
instrumental analysis courses.
Gary D. Christian
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
Preface
This book is intended to serve both as a generic introduction to Analytical
Chemistry and as a body of essential analytical chemical knowledge. This grass
roots approach aims to convey the underlying integral teaching message of this dis
cipline in a proper manner in order to ensure effective, consistent learning leading
to a solid analytical chemical background. As such, this textbook has been con
ceived as a tool of use to students undertaking Analytical Chemistry for the first
time within the framework of a wide variety of undergraduate curricula. It aims to
be a visiting card for this discipline. Because of their generic nature, the contents of
this book must obviously be completed with the topics that constitute the typical
core of other, high -quality textbooks of which this is by no means a competitor.
This is an atypical Analytical Chemistry textbook inasmuch as it provides no
systematic description of analytical techniques (gravimetries, titrimetries,
spectrometries, electro analysis) or methods - not even of ionic equilibria,
improperly deemed by some "the fundamentals of analysis". Rather, it deals
systematically with the true intrinsic fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,
which are those that make it an independent, self-contained science and distin
guish it unequivocally from other scientific and technical areas.
Few textbooks adopt such a generic approach to the subject, one that addres
ses topics such as analytical properties (Chapt. 2), standards and traceability
(Chapt. 3), the analytical process (Chapt. 4), qualitative (Chapt. 5) and quanti
tative aspects (Chapt. 6), the analytical problem (Chapt. 7) and analytical quality
(Chapter 8). These contents are intended to provide a solid foundation for sub
sequently acquired analytical chemical knowledge. Some of these topics are not
easy to teach on an elementary level, so they are profusely illustrated with non
academic examples and consolidated with questions and seminars.
In a way, innovating involves leaping into the void, a risk that has consciously
been assumed by the author. However, the pedagogical innovation implicit in
this textbook has been tried and tested for six years in teaching Analytical
Chemistry as a first-year subject of the Chemistry curriculum at the University
of C6rdoba, Spain. I am deeply grateful to my partners in this venture, Professors
Manuel Silva and Angel Rios, for their comments and expertise, which are
reflected in this book in one way or another.
This novel conception is bound to meet with rejection by some Analytical
Chemistry lecturers. It certainly departs considerably from the way they have
traditionally approached first-time students of this subject. I just wish to ask
those reluctant to adopt this new approach to reflect on it and let me know any
thing they may think fit about it. Their comments will no doubt help me enrich
subsequent editions.
Because undergraduate curricula vary widely, the amount of time that can be
devoted to this introduction to Analytical Chemistry also differs widely. By way
VIII Preface
of guidance, the table following this Preface establishes three different com
prehensiveness levels and suggests the book sections lecturers might want to
include in each in developing their curricula.
The effort expended on writing this book was funded by Spain's CICyT with
in the framework of its programme for the development of undergraduate
teaching materials. I wish to thank my colleagues Professors Carmen Camara,
Miguel de la Guardia and Jose Manuel Pingarr6n for their thorough revision of
its draft, which greatly helped me improve the initial scheme, and also first-year
Chemistry student Mercedes L6pez Pastor. Also worthy of special acknowledge
ment here are Dr Marisol Cardenas, a fellow teacher at the Department of
Analytical Chemistry of the University of C6rdoba, for her proofing assistance,
Jose Manuel Membrives for preparing the typescript and artwork, and Antonio
Losada for the English translation. This book would never have been published
without the warm welcome and support of Peter Enders, Editor of Springer
Verlag.
Miguel Valcarcel C6rdoba, 1 July 2000
Recommendations for using the contents of this
book at three different comprehensiveness levels
First level Second level Third level
6-8 Credits 4-6 Credits 2-3 Credits
(60-80 hours) (40-60 hours) (20-30 hours)
Chapter 1 Unabridged (the less 1.1 Slightly abridged 1.1 Abridged
generic concepts in (last part) 1.2 Abridged
each section may be 1.2 Unabridged 1.3 Unabridged
omitted, if necessary) 1.3 Unabridged 1.4 Highly abridged
1.4 Abridged (Exclude 1.4.4)
(fundamental 1.5 Exclude
concepts in each 1.6 Unabridged
section) 1.7 Unabridged
1.5 Abridged
1.6 Unabridged
1.7 Unabridged
Chapter 2 Unabridged 2.1 Unabridged 2.1 Unabridged
2.2 Abridged 2.2 Highly abridged
2.3 Unabridged 2.3 Unabridged
2.4 early unabridged 2.4 Definitions only
2.5 early unabridged 2.5 Defmitions only
2.6 Abridged 2.6 Definitions only
2.7 Abridged 2.7 Highly abridged
2.8 Abridged 2.8 Exclude
Chapter 3 Unabridged 3.1 Unabridged 3.1 Unabridged
3.2 Nearly unabridged 3.2 Abridged
3.3 Unabridged 3.3 Abridged
3.4 Unabridged 3.4 Unabridged
3.5 Unabridged 3.5 Nearly unabridged
3.6.1 Unabridged 3.6 Section 3.6.1 only
3.6.2.6 Abridged
~.
Chapter 4 Unabridged 4.1 Slightly abridged 4.1 Slightly abridged
4.2 Unabridged 4.2 Unabridged
4.3 Unabridged 4.3 Slightly abridged
4.4 Unabridged 4.4 Abridged
4.5 Unabridged 4.5 Abridged
4.6 Abridged 4.6 Exclude
x Recommendations for using the contents of this book
Recommendations for using the contents of this
book at three different comprehensiveness levels
First level Second level Third level
6-8 Credits 4-6 Credits 2-3 Credits
(60-80 hours) (40-60 hours) (20 -30 hours)
Chapter 5 Unabridged 5.1 Unabridged 5.1 Slightly abridged
5.2 Unabridged 5.2 Abridged
5.3 Unabridged 5.3 Slightly abridged
5.4 Unabridged 5.4 Abridged
5.s Slightly abridged 5.5 Abridged
5.6 Slightly abridged 5.6 Abridged
Chapter 6 Unabridged 6.1 SHghtlyabridged 6.1 Abridged (last two
(Sections 6.2.1.2 and 6.1.5 Unabridged sections excepted)
6.2.2.1 may be ex- 6.1.6 Unabridged 6.2.1.1 Slightly abridged
cluded or abridged) 6.2.1.1 Unabridged 6.2.1.2 Exclude
6.2.1.2 Abridged 6.2.2.1 Exclude
6.2.2.1 Abridged 6.2.2.2 Slightly abridged
6.2.2.2 Unabridged 6.3 Abridged
6.3 Unabridged
Chapter 7 Unabridged 7.1 Abridged 7.1 Exclude
7.2 Abridged 7.2 Exclude
7.3 Unabridged 7.3 Highly abridged
7.4 Abridged 7.4 Highly abridged
7.5 Abridged 7.5 Highly abridged
7.6 Unabridged 7.6 Highly abridged
7.7 Abridged 7.7 Exclude
ChapterS Unabridged (slightly 8.1 Abridged Exclude
abridged, focussing on S.2 Abridged
the more relevant 8.3 Unabridged
aspects of each section) 8.4 Abridged
8.5 Abridged
8.6 Abridged
S.7 Abridged