Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice PDF
Preview Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice
Principles of Addictions and the Law Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice This page intentionally left blank Principles of Addictions and the Law Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice Edited by Norman S. Miller AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2010 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ( (cid:2) 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax ( (cid:2) 44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] . Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com / rights for further information Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any meth- ods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN : 978-0-12-496736-6 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by Macmillan Publishing Solutions www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in United States of America 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors x v Preface x vii 1 . The Basic Legal Structure and Organization 1 Anna Baumgras Introduction : Sources of Law 1 The Judicial Branch 2 Civil Law Versus Criminal Law 3 Criminal Law 4 Defenses to Crimes 4 Civil Law 6 Offenses Related to Addictions 7 Basic Constitutional Rights 9 The Bill of Rights 9 The Legislative Branch 11 Statutes Regulating Addictions 12 Conclusion 16 References 16 2 . Addictions and the Law 1 7 Norman S. Miller and Sara Spratt Mens Rea and Capacity 18 Definition and Relevance to Addictions 18 Legal Precedent 19 Addictive Disease 19 Intoxication and Addiction 19 Legal Precedent 20 Criminal Law 20 Insanity Defense 20 Legal Precedent 20 Criminal Competence 21 Civil Competence 21 Alcohol and Drug Use and Addiction as Risk Factors in Crime and Criminal Intent 21 Civil Law in Selected Populations 22 Child Abuse and Custody 22 Sexual Offenders 23 Malingering 23 v vi Contents Corrections and Coerced Treatment 24 Goals of Treatment 24 Diversion 24 Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Disorders during Incarceration 25 Prevalence of Suicide and Alcohol and Drug Disorders during Incarceration 25 Legal Precedent 25 The Death Penalty and Addictions 26 Involuntary Hospitalization 2 6 Malpractice 26 Competence to Sign into an Institution 27 Informed Consent 27 Injury to a Third Party by Alcoholics and Drug Addicts 28 Adolescents and Juvenile Court and Addictions 29 Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Use and Disorders in Juvenile Populations 29 Legal Precedents 30 Forensic Pathology and Drug Testing 30 Forensic Pathology 30 Drug Testing 30 Medical Records 30 Rehabilitation Acts 31 Conclusion 31 References 32 3 . Physician Practice of Addictions in Medical Practice 37 Norman S. Miller Introduction 37 Clinical Prevalence 38 Prevalence of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in the General Population 38 Prevalence of Multiple Drug Use and Dependence in Treatment 38 Prevalence in the Medical Population 39 Prevalence in Family and Workplace Populations 39 Clinical Diagnosis 39 Risk Assessment by Physicians 40 Physical Examination and Laboratory Testing 40 Clinical Course and Pathophysiology 4 1 Clinical Comorbidity 41 Treatment of Medical Disorders Associated with Alcohol and Drug Use and Addiction 41 Physician Intervention 41 Requirements of Physicians for Diagnosing and Treating Addictive Disease 42 Abstinence-Based Method 43 Improving Treatment for Alcoholism 44 Contents vii Why Physicians are Unprepared to Treat Drug- and Alcohol- Related Disorders 4 5 Recommendations for Improving Education Training 46 Research Studies on Medical Education in the Area of Addictive Medicine 47 Conclusion 49 References 49 4 . Medical Licensure and Credentialing 5 5 Mark J. Greenwood and Maureen Beasley-Greenwood Introduction 55 Peer Review 57 Immunity 57 Confidentiality 59 Physician Profile Databases 60 Medical Licensing Boards 64 Judicial Oversight 65 Federation of State Medical Boards 67 The Model Policy 67 Compulsory Reporting 67 Examination/Evaluation 68 Grounds for Action 68 Disciplinary Action against Licensees 68 Impaired Physicians 68 The Impaired Healthcare Professional 69 Identifying the Problem 69 Ethical Responsibility and Legal Risk 69 Confidentiality versus Disclosure 71 Physician Health Program (PHP) 72 References 72 5 . Privacy within the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century 7 5 Roy G. Beran Introduction 75 Codes of Conduct for Privacy 76 Patient Access to Medical Records 7 6 Electronic Health Records 7 7 Update from the Privacy Commissioner 78 Practice Audits 79 Conclusion 79 References 80 6 . Bioethical Decisions, Substance Use and Addiction: The Clinical Context 8 1 Sana Loue Introduction 81 Substance Use, Addiction and Informed Consent 8 2 viii Contents Pregnancy , Substance Use and Addiction 83 The Effects of Substance Use on the Fetus 83 Legal Responses to Maternal Substance Use during Pregnancy 85 Ethical Issues for the Healthcare Provider 86 Liver Transplantation 87 Treating Pain 89 Conclusion 92 References 92 7 . Domestic Public Health Law 9 7 Lesley Stone and Susan C. Kim Introduction 97 Controlled Substances 98 Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 98 Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Henry Anslinger 99 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 102 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 103 Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992 (PDUFA) 103 Federal Agency and Policy: Supply and Demand 1 05 Reducing the Supply of Illegal Drugs in the United States 105 The Other Side of the Coin: Reducing Demand for Drugs in the United States 107 Conclusion 110 References 110 8 . International Law, Public Health and Addiction 1 13 Peter J. Hammer What is International Law? 114 International Law in the Field of Addiction 1 15 Addiction: The Perspective of Drug Control 115 International Organizations and the Infrastructure of Drug Control 119 Addiction: The Perspective of Public Health 121 Why is International Law Relevant to Addiction Practitioners? 1 24 Physicians and Scientists 125 Lawyers and Judges 126 Social Workers, Community Activists, Policymakers and Sufferers of Addiction 130 Addiction and Human Rights 130 International Advocacy and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 131 References 132 9 . Medical Malpractice 1 35 Mark Cooney Overview of Medical Malpractice Law 1 35 The Essential Elements 135 The Standard of Care: Duty and Breach 135 Contents ix Application to Addiction Cases 136 Standard of Care and Breach 136 Causation of Damages 143 Experts 146 Informed Consent 146 Defenses 149 Comparative Negligence 149 Assumption of Risk 152 Statute of Limitations 154 References 156 10 . Expert Witness in Civil and Criminal Testimony 1 59 Norman S. Miller Expert Qualifications 159 Federal Rule of Evidence 702 159 Federal Rule of Evidence 703 160 Role of Experts 161 Duties of Experts 161 Mens Rea and Capacity 162 Expert Role in Criminal Cases 162 Medical Malpractice 163 Expert Role in Medical Malpractice Cases 163 Medical Experts 163 Admissibility of a Medical Expert 165 Damage Experts 165 Conclusion 166 References 166 11 . Forensic Considerations in Blood Alcohol Evaluation 167 Werner U. Spitz Introduction 167 Alcoholism 167 References 174 12 . Pharmacological Drug Effects on Brain and Behavior 1 77 Richard A. Greer and Mark S. Gold Introduction 177 Influence of Neurobiology and Neurotransmitters 178 Molecular Mechanisms and Neurobiological Consequences of Drug and Alcohol Use 179 Performance-Enhancing Drugs 184 Conclusion 188 References 188 13 . Forensic Toxicology 1 93 Michele L. Merves, Bruce A. Goldberger Introduction 193 Postmortem Forensic Toxicology 194
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