Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Expert Consult - Online and Print, 4e

2511 Pages·2012·167.97 MB·English

by  Sarah S. Long MD

Principles and Practice of
Pediatric
Infectious
Diseases
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Principles and Practice of
Pediatric
Infectious
Diseases
FOURTH EDITION
Editor
Sarah S. Long, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Drexel University College of Medicine
Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases
St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Associate Editors
Larry K. Pickering, MD
Senior Advisor to the Director
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Executive Secretary
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Professor of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, GA, USA
Charles G. Prober, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology
Senior Associate Dean, Medical Education
Stanford School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
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Edinburgh  London  New York  Oxford  Philadelphia  St Louis  Sydney  Toronto
© 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1997, Churchill Livingstone
Second edition 2003, Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Science
Third edition 2008, Churchill Livingstone
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Chapters
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
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of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their
own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the
best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
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assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
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instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Cover figure: Transmission electron micrograph of parainfluenza virus
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. –
4th ed.
1. Communicable diseases in children.
I. Long, Sarah S. II. Pickering, Larry K. III. Prober,
Charles G., 1949–
618.9’29-dc22
ISBN-13: 9781437727029
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Preface
The field of infectious diseases is ever changing – with emerging Part II. Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infec-
pathogens, globalization, escalating antimicrobial resistance, tious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management:
novel diagnostic methods, expanding therapeutic options, and new content on conditions that mimic infectious diseases (such
continuous development of vaccines and strategies for implemen- as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activa-
tation. The landscape is increasingly complex – with deepening tion syndrome); developmental stages of innate and adaptive
recognition of the role of infectious agents and the host in a immunity; mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and management
damage–response framework of disease. strategies for systemic inflammatory response syndrome; recogniz-
Our goal is to provide a comprehensive, reliable, up-to-date ing and managing infections and risks due to congenital or
reference focused on evidence-based, practical information that is acquired immunocompromising conditions in uniquely sus-
required to care for neonates, infants, children, and adolescents ceptible hosts; expanded content on central nervous system
with any infectious disease. Entries always address the four imper- infectious and parainfectious conditions; new morbidities and
atives of pediatric infectious diseases: understand the problem, evidence-based approaches to preventing healthcare-associated
diagnose the etiology, manage the patient to optimize outcome, infections.
and prevent a recurrence or first occurrence. The scope also Part III. Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases: significant
includes epidemiology, control, and prevention of infectious dis- new entries related to antimicrobial resistance and therapies for
eases with guidance for establishing policy as well as managing bacterial infections, especially infections due to staphylococci,
individual patients. Features permeating the fourth edition include enterococci, pneumococci, gonococci, mycobacteria, and gram-
web-based resources, important contact information, and elec- negative bacilli; recently discovered viruses, new antiviral thera-
tronic links to primary literature to aid easy access to expanded, pies, and new vaccines; evidence and guidance where evidence is
current information as well as to obtain restricted therapeutic incomplete for treatment of fungal infections; comprehensive and
agents or access to experts for management of rare diseases. New latest guidance for management of protozoal infections, including
tables, figures, illustrated cases, scan- and slide-ready graphics and toxoplasmosis and malaria.
algorithms, and “Key Points” boxes of concise summaries have Part IV. Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Dis-
been added. New patient images and radiologic images have been eases: through the burgeoning world of molecular diagnostics, the
added. best tests for laboratory identification of infectious agents; differen-
We have engaged subject-specific experts as authors and have tiating features of commonly used laboratory tests to measure the
edited all chapters to reflect a prescribed, predictable, and focused inflammatory response and predict the cause; new insights into
format that will reward the reader with answers to “What principles of use of anti-infective therapies; expanded primer on the
should I do next?” With a substantial number of authors from the pharmacodynamic basis of optimal use of antimicrobial agents;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American mechanisms and best laboratory techniques to detect newly emerg-
Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Infectious Diseases and ing antimicrobial resistance; new antimicrobial agents for treating
the Section on Infectious Diseases, the Pediatric Infectious Dis- bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
eases Society and infection prevention advisory groups, we have The primary audience for our textbook is the subspecialist in
attempted to present consistent recommendations and to build infectious diseases who provides care for or advises on policy
a compendium of best practices. Examples of new content are regarding infants, children, and adolescents. We hope that our
highlighted here, within the context of the four major sections book also will serve as a daily “consultant” for pediatricians and
of the book. family physicians and a valuable resource for surgeons, clinical
Part I. Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious microbiologists, experts in infection control, health policy makers,
Diseases: expanded primer in biostatistics; expanded use of and other health professionals who care for children.
immunoglobulin products; latest vaccines, schedule of immuniza-
tions, adverse event reporting; listings of resources in electronic,
telephone, and paper media; newest recommendations for infec-
tion prevention for hospitals and offices; special considerations Sarah S. Long
for children who have out-of-home care, are exposed to pets and Larry K. Pickering
exotic animals, are traveling, or are immigrating. Charles G. Prober
v
Dedication and Acknowledgments
With our families and other loved ones,
whose patience and endurance are our inspiration,
We share the achievement of this book
To our mentors and colleagues, who share
knowledge and stimulate learning,
We give credit for the book’s value
To those who practice medicine as an art based on science,
and for the children whom they will serve,
We offer the book’s lessons
To Bill and Melinda Gates
for their unprecedented contributions
to child health through eradication of infectious diseases worldwide
We dedicate this book
With special contributions by James H. Brien, DO, Department of Pediatrics, Texas A & M University College
of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas; and Eric N. Faerber, MD, Department of
Radiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
vi
Contributors
Elisabeth E. Adderson, MD Margot Anderson, MD Daniel G. Bausch, MD, MPH&TM
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Fellow, Section of Pediatric Infectious Associate Professor, Department of
Molecular Sciences, University of Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of
Tennessee Health Sciences Center; Tulane University Medical Center, Public Health and Tropical Medicine;
Associate Member, Department of New Orleans, Louisiana Clinical Associate Professor, Department
Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Filoviruses and Arenaviruses of Internal Medicine, Section of Adult
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee Infectious Diseases, Tulane University
Paul M. Arguin, MD
Infectious Complications of Antibody Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
Domestic Unit Chief, Malaria Branch,
Deficiency Filoviruses and Arenaviruses
Division of Parasitic Diseases and
Aarti Agarwal, MD Malaria, Center for Global Health, Kirsten Bechtel, MD
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Emergency Medicine), Yale University
Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Plasmodium Species (Malaria) School of Medicine, New Haven,
Health, Centers for Disease Control and Connecticut
John C. Arnold, MD
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Infectious Diseases in Child Abuse
Staff, Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases,
Plasmodium Species (Malaria)
Department of Pediatrics, Naval Medical Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr, MD, PhD
Grace M. Aldrovandi, MD, CM Center, San Diego, California Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University
Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology, Pharyngitis; Streptococcus pyogenes School of Medicine; Faculty Associate
Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, (Group A Streptococcus) Director, Duke Clinical Research Institute,
Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Durham, North Carolina
Ann M. Arvin, MD
Keck School of Medicine, Saban Research Necrotizing Enterocolitis; Clinical Approach
Lucile Packard Professor of Pediatrics,
Institute, University of Southern to the Infected Neonate
Professor of Microbiology and
California, Los Angeles, California
Immunology, Stanford School of Frank E. Berkowitz, MBBCh, MPH
Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection
Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Professor of Pediatrics, Emory University
Upton D. Allen, MBBS, MSc, FRCPC, Diseases, Lucile Packard Children’s School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
FRCP (UK) Hospital, Stanford, California Balantidium coli; Blastocystis Species;
Professor of Pediatrics, Senior Associate Varicella-Zoster Virus Endolimax nana; Leishmania Species
Scientist, Research Institute; Chief, (Leishmaniasis); Sarcocystis Species;
Shai Ashkenazi, MD, MSc
Division of Infectious Diseases, Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis)
The Pickel Chair for Pediatric Research,
Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for
Professor of Pediatrics, Sackler Faculty of Margaret J. Blythe, MD
Sick Children, University of Toronto,
Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel; Chairman, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor
Ontario, Canada
Pediatrics, Schneider Children’s Medical of Gynecology, Indiana University School
Adenoviruses
Center, Petach Tikva, Israel of Medicine; Medical Director of the Teen
Manuel R. Amieva, MD, PhD Plesiomonas shigelloides; Shigella Species Care and Wellness Program, Wishard
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Hospital Health Care Services,
Carol J. Baker, MD
Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford Indianapolis, Indiana
Professor of Pediatrics, Molecular
University School of Medicine; Attending Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes
Virology and Microbiology, Baylor
Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases,
College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr, MD
Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital,
Infectious Diseases, Texas Children’s Professor, Chairman, Department of
Stanford, California
Hospital; Medical Director of Infection Pediatrics, Louisiana State University
Campylobacter jejuni and
Control, Woman’s Hospital of Texas, Health Science Center–Shreveport;
Campylobacter coli; Other Campylobacter
Houston, Texas Medical Director, Children’s Hospital,
Species
Bacterial Infections in the Neonate; Shreveport, Louisiana
Krow Ampofo, MB, ChB Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Infections Related to Pets and Exotic Animals
Associate Professor, Department of Streptococcus)
Michael Boeckh, MD
Pediatrics, University of Utah School of
William J. Barson, MD Associate Professor of Medicine,
Medicine; Attending Physician, Infectious
Professor of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University of Washington School of
Diseases, Primary Children’s Hospital,
University College of Medicine and Medicine; Associate Member, Division of
Salt Lake City, Utah
Public Health; Attending Physician, Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Section of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Research Center, Seattle,
Alicia D. Anderson, DVM, MPH Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Washington
Veterinary Epidemiologist, Rickettsial Columbus, Ohio BK, JC, and Other Human Polyomaviruses
Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector- Klebsiella and Raoultella Species; Proteus,
Borne Diseases, National Center for Providencia, and Morganella Species
Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
vii
Contributors
Anna Bowen, MD, MPH Caroline Breese Hall, MD Carrie L. Byington, MD
Medical Epidemiologist, Waterborne Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, H.A. and Edna Benning Presidential
Disease Prevention Branch, Division of University of Rochester School of Professor of Pediatrics, Vice Chair
Foodborne, Waterborne, and Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Research Enterprise, Department of
Environmental Diseases, National Center Physician, Divisions of Infectious Pediatrics, University of Utah School of
for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Pediatrics and Medicine, Medicine; Section of Infectious Diseases,
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and University of Rochester Medical Center, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Rochester, New York City, Utah
Enteric Diseases Transmitted through Food, Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Water, and Zoonotic Exposures Exanthem Subitum); Human Herpesvirus 8
Kathy K. Byrd, MD, MPH
(Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus)
William R. Bowie, MD, FRCPC Medical Epidemiologist, Prevention
Professor of Medicine, Division of Joseph S. Bresee, MD Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis,
Infectious Diseases, Department of Chief, Epidemiology and Prevention National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral
Medicine, University of British Columbia, Branch, Influenza Division, National Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention,
Vancouver, British Columbia Center for Immunizations and Centers for Disease Control and
Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses
Thomas G. Boyce, MD, MPH
Viral Gastroenteritis; Astroviruses
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Michael Cappello, MD
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor of Pediatrics, Microbial
Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown Pathogenesis, and Public Health;
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota University School of Medicine; Attending Director, Yale Program in International
Otitis Externa and Necrotizing Otitis Physician, Georgetown University Child Health, Yale University School of
Externa Hospital, Washington, DC Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Intestinal Nematodes; Taenia solium,
John S. Bradley, MD
Flora, and Clinical Concepts; Clostridium Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata
Professor, Chief, Division of Infectious
tetani (Tetanus); Other Clostridium (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis); Taenia
Diseases, Department of Pediatrics,
Species; Bacteroides and Prevotella Species (Multiceps) multiceps and Taenia serialis
University of California School of
and Other Gram-Negative Bacilli (Coenurosis)
Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious
Diseases, Rady Children’s Hospital San Kristina Bryant, MD Bryan D. Carter, PhD
Diego, San Diego, California Associate Professor, Department of Professor of Child and Adolescent
Chemoprophylaxis; Principles of Anti- Pediatrics, University of Louisville School Psychiatry, Associate Professor of
Infective Therapy; Antimicrobial Agents of Medicine; Division of Infectious Pediatrics, University of Louisville School
Diseases, Kosair Children’s Hospital, of Medicine; Director, Pediatric
Michael T. Brady, MD
Louisville, Kentucky Consultation–Liaison Service, Kosair
Professor and Chair, Department of
Tickborne Infections Children’s Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
Pediatrics, The Ohio State University
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
College of Medicine; Physician-In-Chief, E. Stephen Buescher, MD
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Professor of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Emily J. Cartwright, MD
Columbus, Ohio Medical School; Attending Physician, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer,
Less Commonly Encountered Nonenteric Division of Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and
Gram-Negative Bacilli; Eikenella, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Environmental Diseases, National Center
Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious
Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Denise F. Bratcher, DO
Immunodeficiency; Infectious Complications Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Professor of Pediatrics, University of
of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Other Vibrio Species
Missouri–Kansas City School of
Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear
Medicine; Attending Physician, Section of Mary T. Caserta, MD
Phagocytes
Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics Residency Professor of Pediatrics, University of
Program Director, Children’s Mercy Jane L. Burns, MD Rochester School of Medicine and
Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Professor of Pediatrics, University of Dentistry; Attending Physician, Division
Missouri Washington School of Medicine; of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,
Archanobacterium haemolyticum; Attending Physician, Division of University of Rochester Medical Center,
Bacillus Species (Anthrax); Other Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children’s Rochester, New York
Corynebacteria; Other Gram-Positive Bacilli Hospital, Seattle, Washington Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola,
Infectious Complications in Special Hosts; Exanthem Subitum); Human Herpesvirus 8
Paula K. Braverman, MD
Pseudomonas Species and Related (Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus)
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University
Organisms; Burkholderia cepacia Complex
of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Chiara Cerini, MD
and Other Burkholderia Species;
Attending Physician, Division of Fellow in Pediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati University of Milan School of Medicine,
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Gale R. Burstein, MD, MPH Milan, Italy
Cincinnati, Ohio Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection
Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis University at Buffalo, The State University
Ellen Gould Chadwick, MD
of New York; Division of Adolescent
Professor of Pediatrics, Feinberg School
Medicine, Women and Children’s
of Medicine, Northwestern University;
Hospital, Buffalo, New York
Associate Director, Section of Pediatric
Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes
and Maternal HIV Infection, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children’s Memorial
Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
Nocardia Species
viii
Contributors
Beth Cheesebrough, MD Beverly L. Connelly, MD Nigel Curtis, FRCPH, PhD
Specialist Registrar in Paediatrics, Ealing Professor of Pediatrics, University of Professor, Department of Paediatrics,
Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom Cincinnati College of Medicine; Director, The University of Melbourne; Head,
The Systemic Inflammatory Response Infection Control Program; Director, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of
Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock Infectious Diseases Training Program, General Medicine, Murdoch Children’s
Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, Royal Children’s
P. Joan Chesney, MD, CM
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Professor of Pediatrics, University of
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Infections Related to the Upper and Middle
Tennessee Health Sciences Center; Staff
Granulomatous Hepatitis; Acute Pancreatitis; Airways; Mycobacterium Species
Physician, Pediatric Infectious Disease
Cholecystitis and Cholangitis Non-tuberculosis
Section, Le Bonheur Children’s Medical
Center; Vice-President, Director, Office of Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis, MD Dennis J. Cunningham, MD
Clinical Education and Training; Member, Clinical Associate Professor, Division of Associate Professor of Pediatrics, The
Department of Pediatric Infectious Infectious Diseases and Geographic Ohio State University College of
Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medicine; Medical Director,
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee Stanford University School of Medicine, Epidemiology; Attending Physician,
Lymphatic System and Generalized Stanford, California Section of Infectious Diseases,
Lymphadenopathy; Mediastinal and Hilar Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) Nationwide Children’s Hospital,
Lymphadenopathy Columbus, Ohio
James H. Conway, MD, FAAP
Enterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea
John C. Christenson, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics,
Species
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Indiana University of Wisconsin School of
University School of Medicine; Director, Medicine & Public Health; Division of Linda Marie Dairiki Shortliffe, MD
Ryan White Center for Pediatric Pediatric Infectious Diseases, American Stanley McCormick Memorial Professor,
Infectious Disease; Director, Pediatric Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Department of Urology, Lucile Packard
Travel Medicine Clinic, Riley Hospital for Wisconsin Children’s Hospital, Stanford University
Children, Indianapolis, Indiana Mastoiditis School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Urinary Tract Infections; Renal Abscess and
Margaret M. Cortese, MD
Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae Other Complex Renal Infections
Captain, United States Public Health
Thomas G. Cleary, MD Service; Medical Epidemiologist, Division Toni Darville, MD
Professor, Center for Infectious Diseases, of Viral Diseases, National Center for Carol Ann Craumer Professor of
Division of Epidemiology, University of Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Pediatrics and Immunology,
Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Centers for Disease Control and University of Pittsburgh School of
Texas Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Medicine; Chief of Infectious Diseases,
Shigella Species Rotaviruses Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of
UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Susan E. Coffin, MD, MPH C. Michael Cotten, MD
Chlamydia trachomatis
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division Associate Professor of Pediatrics,
of Infectious Diseases, University of Duke University School of Medicine; Gregory A. Dasch, PhD
Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director, Neonatology Clinical Research, Rickettsial Team Leader, Rickettsial
Hospital Epidemiologist and Medical Duke University Medical Center, Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-
Director, Infection Prevention and Durham, North Carolina Borne Diseases, National Center for
Control, Children’s Hospital of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
Elaine Cox, MD
Healthcare-Associated Infections and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics,
Other Rickettsia Species
Laura M. Conklin, MD Indiana University School of Medicine;
Medical Officer, Division of Bacterial Attending Physician, Section of Infectious Irini Daskalaki, MD
Diseases, Division of Emerging Infections Diseases, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel
and Surveillance Services, National for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana University College of Medicine; Attending
Center for Preparedness, Detection and Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Physician, St. Christopher’s Hospital for
Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers Pseudallescheria boydii (Anamorph Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
for Disease Control and Prevention, Scedosporium apiospermum) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Atlanta, Georgia
Maryanne E. Crockett, MD, MPH, Robert S. Daum, MD
Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci
FRCPC, DTM&H Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and
(Psittacosis)
Assistant Professor, Pediatrics and Child Molecular Medicine, University of
Laurie S. Conklin, MD Health, Medical Microbiology, University Chicago; Attending Physician,
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, George of Manitoba; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics, University of
Washington University School of Consultant, Pediatrics and Child Health, Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital,
Medicine; Attending, Department of Winnipeg Children’s Hospital, Winnipeg, Chicago, Illinois
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Canada Staphylococcus aureus
Nutrition, Children’s National Medical Protection of Travelers
Fatimah S. Dawood, MD
Center, Washington, DC
James E. Crowe, Jr, MD Medical Officer, Influenza Division,
Acute Hepatitis
Ingram Professor of Cancer Research, National Center for Immunization and
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease
Immunology, and the Vanderbilt Vaccine Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Influenza Viruses
Center, Nashville, Tennessee
Human Metapneumovirus
ix