Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology PDF
Preview Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology
Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology SIXTH EDITION Principles and Practice of C linical Vi rology, Sixth Edition Edited by A. J . Zuckerman, J . E. B a natvala, B . D. Schoub, P. D. Griffiths and P. Mortimer © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51799-4 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology SIXTH EDITION Edited by Arie J. Zuckerman UCL Medical School, London, UK Jangu E. Banatvala Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, London, UK Barry D. Schoub National Institute of Virology, Sandringham, South Africa Paul D. Griffiths UCL Medical School, London, UK Philip Mortimer Health Protection Agency, London, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Thiseditionfirstpublished2009©2009JohnWiley&SonsLtd. Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedical businesswithBlackwellPublishing. 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[DNLM:1.VirusDiseases.WC500P9572008] RC114.5.P662008 616.9(cid:2)101—dc22 2008040268 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-470-51799-4 Typesetin9/11TimesRomanbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedinSingaporebyFabulousPrintersPteLtd. FirstImpression 2009 Contents ListofContributors . . . . . . . . . . . xi ParvovirusB19 56 RespiratoryViruses 58 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 4 Emerging VirusInfections . . . . . . 69 Past,PresentandFutureofClinicalVirology:An BrianW.J.Mahy Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction 69 FactorsContributingtoEmergence 69 1 DiagnosticApproaches . . . . . . . 1 FutureDirections 77 KatieJefferyandEmmaAarons 5 Vaccinology . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Introduction 1 FrancisE.AndreandHuguesH.Bogaerts ElectronMicroscopy 2 Histology/Cytology 2 Introduction 81 VirusIsolation 2 BurdenofViralDiseases and theirReproductive Serology 3 Rates 82 MolecularAmplificationTechniques 8 The ImmuneSystemand itsRoleinNaturaland Recommended DiagnosticInvestigations 20 Artificially-inducedImmunity 83 FutureTrends 22 Discoveryof ProtectiveAntigensin Pathogens 85 2 ViralTransmission:InfectionAcquired bythe PresentationofProtectiveAntigensthrough Blood-borneRoute . . . . . . . . . 29 Vaccines and TypesofVaccine 86 WillIrving Research andDevelopmenton Vaccines andtheir Introduction 29 Commercial Introduction 86 Preventionof ExposurethroughInfection Social MarketingofIntroducedVaccines 88 Control 30 PlanningandImplementationof Vaccination Preventionof InfectionthroughSpecificPre- and Programmes 89 Post-exposurePolicies 30 Surveillanceof DiseaseIncidenceandAdverse Patient-to-patientTransmission 30 EventsBeforeand AfterImplementationof Patient-to-HCWTransmission 32 Vaccination 89 HCW-to-patientTransmission 36 RectificationofPublicizedFalsehoodsand MaintenanceofVaccination Coverage 89 3 ViralTransmission:InfectionAcquired byAll ViralVaccinesontheHorizonandtheRoadblocks Other Routes(Respiratory,Eye–Nose–Mouth, toFutureVaccine Development 90 InoculationandFaeco-orally) . . . . . 43 ClosingComments 91 PhilipRice 6 Herpes SimplexVirus Type1 andType2 95 Introduction 43 MarianneForsgrenandPaulE.Klapper Measles, Mumpsand Rubella 44 Cytomegalovirus 47 Morphology 95 VaricellaZosterVirus 48 Replication 97 HerpesSimplexVirus 53 Epidemiology 103 Noroviruses 54 ViralDiagnosis 105 Rotavirus 56 AntiviralChemotherapy 108 vi Contents ClinicalFeatures,DiagnosisandManagement 112 WorldwideDistributionof KSHVintheGeneral ConcludingRemarks 128 Population 247 Transmission 249 7 Varicella Zoster . . . . . . . . . . 133 ClinicalManifestations 251 JudithBreuer Pathogenesis 254 Introduction 133 DiagnosticAssays 261 The Virus 133 AntiviralTherapy 263 Epidemiology 142 12 HepatitisViruses . . . . . . . . . . 273 ClinicalFeatures 143 TimJ.Harrison,GeoffreyM.DusheikoandArie DiagnosisofVZV Infection 148 J.Zuckerman Treatment 151 Prevention 153 Introduction 273 8 Cytomegalovirus . . . . . . . . . . 161 HepatitisA 275 HepatitisE 280 PaulD.Griffiths HepatitisB 282 Introduction 161 HepatitisD 307 The Virus 161 HepatitisC 309 Epidemiology 166 Routesof Infection 167 13 GB VirusC (GBV-C)andTorque Teno Virus Pathogenesis 168 (TTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 ClinicalFeatures 173 ShigeoHino Diagnosis 175 Introduction 321 Management 180 GBVirusC (GBV-C) 321 Prevention 183 TorqueTenoVirus(TTV) 325 Treatment 185 9 Epstein–BarrVirus . . . . . . . . . 199 14 Rotaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 TanzinaHaqueandDorothyH.Crawford UlrichDesselbergerandJimGray Introduction 199 Introduction 337 The Virus 199 RotavirusStructure,Genomeand Epidemiology 204 Gene–ProteinAssignment 337 EBV-associated Diseases 205 Classification 337 EBV Infectioninthe Replication 338 ImmunocompromizedHost 215 Pathogenesis 342 Vaccine Development 218 ImmuneResponsesand Correlatesof Protection 343 10 Roseoloviruses:Human Herpesviruses 6A,6B Illness,DiagnosisandTreatment 343 and7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Epidemiology 344 KatherineN.WardandDuncanA.Clark Vaccine Development 345 Introduction 223 15 Viruses otherthanRotavirusesAssociatedwith BiologyoftheViruses 223 AcuteDiarrhoealDisease . . . . . . 355 Epidemiologyand Pathogenesis 228 JimGrayandUlrichDesselberger Disease Associations 231 LaboratoryDiagnosis 236 Introduction 355 AntiviralTherapy 240 EntericAdenoviruses 357 ConcludingRemarks 240 Norovirusesand Sapoviruses(Human Caliciviruses) 358 11 Kaposi’sSarcoma-associatedHerpesvirus Astroviruses 363 (Human Herpesvirus 8) . . . . . . . 245 GastrointestinalVirusesNotRegularlyAssociated CorneliaHenke-Gendo,AbelViejo-Borbollaand withAcuteDiarrhoealDisease 364 ThomasF.Schulz 16 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Introduction 245 MariaZambonandChrisW.Potter Originand Evolutionof KSHV 245 Contents vii Introduction 373 OtherClinicalManifestations 477 ViralVariation 380 Diagnosis 477 VirusClassification 384 Treatment 481 Pathogenesis 385 Prevention 482 ClinicalFeatures 388 FutureProspects 483 DiagnosisofInfection 391 20 Rhinoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Treatment andPrevention 396 NikolaosG.Papadopoulos,MariaXatzipsaltiand 17 Parainfluenza Viruses . . . . . . . . 409 SebastianL.Johnston SteliosPsarras,NikolaosG.Papadopoulosand Introduction 489 SebastianL.Johnston Taxonomy 489 Introduction 409 Physical Properties 492 Taxonomy 409 Incubationand Transmission 492 StructureandPhysicalProperties 410 HostRange 493 Receptors,VirusEntryand HostRange 411 Pathogenesis 493 Replication 414 Immunity 495 ViralTransmission,Incubationand Epidemiology 496 Shedding 416 ClinicalFeatures 497 Pathogenesis 417 Diagnosis 498 Antigenicityand Immunity 418 PreventionandTreatment 500 Epidemiology 420 21 CoronavirusesandToroviruses . . . . 511 ClinicalFeatures 423 J.S.MalikPeirisandL.L.M.Poon Diagnosis 425 Prevention 428 Introduction 511 Treatment 429 The Viruses 511 InitiationofInfectionandPathogenesis 517 18 RespiratorySyncytialVirus . . . . . 441 Epidemiology 519 CarolineBreeseHall ClinicalFeatures 520 Introduction 441 Diagnosis 523 TheVirus 441 RT-PCR 524 Epidemiology 442 Prophylaxis:Activeand Passive Pathogenesis 444 Immunization 525 Immunity 445 Therapy 526 ClinicalFeatures 446 Acknowledgements 526 Diagnosis 450 22 MeaslesVirus . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Management 452 SibylleSchneider-SchauliesandVolkerterMeulen Prevention 453 Introduction 533 19 Adenoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . 463 The Virus 533 MarcelaEchavarr´ıa VirusMorphology 535 Introduction 463 GenomeStructure 535 Descriptionand Characteristicsofthe MV ProteinFunctions 536 Virus 464 The ReplicationCycle 538 Pathogenesis 468 BiologicalPropertiesoftheMeasles ImmuneResponse 469 Virus 540 Epidemiology 470 Epidemiologyand Relatednessof DifferentVirus ClinicalFeatures 471 Isolates 541 RespiratoryInfections 471 ClinicalManifestations 542 OcularInfections 474 The PathogenesisofMeasles andits GastrointestinalInfections 475 Complications 545 HaemorrhagicCystitis 475 Diagnosis 551 AdenovirusesInfectionsin Management 552 ImmunocompromizedPatients 475 Prevention 552 viii Contents 23 Rubella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 28 Flaviviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 JenniferM.Best,JosephP.IcenogleandDavid BarryD.SchoubandMarietjieVenter W.G.Brown Introduction 669 HistoricalIntroduction 561 PropertiesoftheVirus 670 The Virus 562 YellowFever 672 PostnatallyAcquiredInfection 565 OtherMembersofthe‘Unassigned’Subgroupof CongenitallyAcquiredInfection 569 Flaviviruses 678 LaboratoryTechniquesand Diagnosis 576 Dengue 679 Prevention—RubellaVaccination 580 Zika 684 Japanese Encephalitis 684 24 Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 StLouisEncephalitis 687 PauliLeinikki West NileVirus 688 Introduction 593 MurrayValleyEncephalitis 690 The Virus 593 Tick-borneEncephalitis 691 Pathogenesis 595 Omsk HaemorrhagicFever 694 ClinicalPicture 595 KyasanurForest Disease 694 LaboratoryDiagnosis 597 Powassan Virus 695 Epidemiologyand Control 598 29 Bunyaviridae . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 RobertSwanepoelandFelicityJ.Burt 25 Enteroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . 601 PhilipD.MinorandPeterMuir Introduction 699 TheVirus 700 Introduction 601 LaboratoryDiagnosis 703 The Viruses 601 GenusOrthobunyavirus 706 Pathobiologicaland ClinicalAspectsofHuman GenusPhlebovirus 711 Enteroviruses 608 GenusNairovirus 717 LaboratoryDiagnosisofEnterovirusInfections 615 GenusHantavirus 721 PreventionandTreatment ofEnterovirus BunyavirusesUnassignedtoGenus 726 Infections 617 FutureProspects 620 30 Arenaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 ColinR.Howard 26 Poxviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 PeterB.Jahrling Introduction 733 UltrastructureofArenavirusesand Infected Introduction 625 Cells 735 VirusCharacteristics 625 ChemicalComposition 737 ClinicalAspectsof OrthopoxvirusInfections 627 Replication 739 Diagnosis 632 Diagnosisof HumanArenavirusInfections 740 Medical Management 634 AntigenicRelationships 741 Other PoxvirusesInfectingHumans 635 Clinicaland PathologicalAspects 741 Diagnosis 637 PersistentInfection 743 PathologyofArenavirusInfections:General 27 Alphaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Features 744 GrahamLloyd OtherArenavirusInfections 750 Introduction 643 Summary 751 The Virus 643 31 Filoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 SpectrumofDiseases Caused byAlphaviruses 647 SusanP.Fisher-Hoch DiagnosisofAlphavirusInfections 647 Management and Prevention 647 Introduction 755 AlphavirusesAssociatedwithFeversand Epidemiology 756 Polyarthritis 648 Ecology 761 AlphavirusesAssociatedwithEncephalitis 656 TransmissionandRiskFactors 763 Other Alphaviruses 661 ClinicalSpectrum 763 Contents ix LaboratoryDiagnosis 764 Polyomavirus-specificImmuneResponse 845 PatientManagement 765 Treatment ofPolyomavirus-associated Past Infectionand Persistence 766 Diseases 847 Virology 766 Acknowledgements 848 AnimalModels 767 35 Human Parvoviruses . . . . . . . . 853 SerologicalStudies 768 Pathogenesisand Immunology 768 KevinE.Brown Control 769 Introduction 853 Perspective 770 Human ParvovirusB19(B19V) 854 Pathogenesis 856 32 RabiesandOther LyssavirusInfections . 777 Epidemiology 858 MaryJ.Warrell ClinicalFeatures 859 Introduction 777 LaboratoryDiagnosis 863 History 777 Treatment and Prevention 865 Classification 778 VirusStructure 778 36 Human Retroviruses . . . . . . . . 869 Replication 780 RobinA.Weiss InactivationofVirusandStabilityofVaccine Introduction 869 Antigen 781 RetrovirusReplicationand Genomes 869 EpizootiologyandEpidemiology 781 Taxonomy 870 IncidenceofHuman Rabies 783 Human and ZoonoticRetrovirus Pathogenesis 783 Infections 870 Immunology 785 RetroviralVectors 872 RoutesofInfection 786 ClinicalFeaturesofRabiesinAnimals 787 37 TheHuman T-lymphotropicViruses . . 875 ClinicalFeaturesinHumans 787 GrahamP.Taylor Diagnosis 794 Introduction 875 Management ofHuman Rabies 796 History 875 Pathology 796 The Virus 876 Human RabiesProphylaxis 797 Diagnosis 879 Controlof AnimalRabies 800 ViralVariation 880 33 Papillomaviruses . . . . . . . . . . 807 Epidemiology 881 DennisMcCance Transmission 883 HTLV-associated Disease 884 Introduction 807 Pathogenesis 886 Classification 807 Treatment 889 Physicaland ChemicalProperties 807 PreventionofDisease 891 Serology 811 ViralReplication 811 HIV andHTLV Co-infection 891 NaturalHistoryofHPV Infections 812 38 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses . . . 897 Pathogenesis 813 DeenanPillay,AnnaMariaGerettiandRobinA. Diagnosis 817 Weiss Treatment 818 Vaccination 819 Introductionand Classification 897 Epidemiology 899 34 TheHumanPolyomaviruses . . . . . 823 Replication 900 KristinaDo¨rries HostGeneticDeterminantsforHIV/AIDS 903 Classificationand Detection 823 ViralDynamicsand Pathogenesis 903 VirionStructureandComposition 823 ImmuneResponses 905 VirusLifeCycle 823 The LaboratoryDiagnosisofHIV StateofHuman PolyomavirusInfection 833 Infection 906 DiagnosticEvaluationofPolyomavirus-associated The NaturalHistoryofHIVInfectionandIts Disease 843 ClinicalManifestations 909 x Contents AntiretroviralTherapy—A Historical NeuronalCellDeathinPrionDisease 945 Perspective 916 The‘SpeciesBarrier’ 945 MonitoringofAntiretroviralTherapy and Pathogenesis 946 Resistance 917 AnimalPrionDiseases 947 AntiretroviralDrugClasses 921 Aetiologyand EpidemiologyofHuman Prion Transmissionof DrugResistance 929 Disease 948 Prevention 929 ClinicalFeaturesand Diagnosis 949 Vaccines 932 MolecularDiagnosisof PrionDisease 959 Pre-symptomaticandAntenatalTesting 960 39 Human PrionDiseases . . . . . . . . 939 Preventionand PublicHealthManagement 960 JohnCollinge Prognosisand Treatment 961 IntroductiontoPrionsand Historical ConcludingRemarks 962 Perspective 939 UsefulWebsites 962 StructuralBiologyofPrions 940 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 Normal CellularFunctionof PrP 943 PrionStrains 943
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