Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, 2nd Edition

1033 Pages·2006·32.24 MB·English

by  John R. Heckenlively

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
OF CLINICAL
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
OF VISION
This page intentionally left blank
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
OF CLINICAL
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
OF VISION
Second Edition
Editors: John R. Heckenlively and Geoffrey B. Arden
Associate Editors: Steven Nusinowitz
Graham E. Holder
Michael Bach
THE MIT PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
LONDON, ENGLAND
© 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including
photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
without permission in writing from the publisher.
MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity
discounts for business or sales promotional use.For
information,please email [email protected] or
write to Special Sales Department,The MIT Press,55
Hayward Street,Cambridge,MA 02142.
This book printed and bound in the United States
of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Principles and practice of clinical electrophsyiology of vision
/ editors,John R.Heckenlively and Geoffrey B.Arden ;
associate editors,Steven Nusinowitz,Graham E.Holder,
and Michael Bach—2nd ed.
p.;cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-08346-9
1. Electroretinography. 2. Electrooculography. 3. Visual
evoked response. I. Heckenlively,John R. II.Arden,
Geoffrey B.(Geoffrey Bernard)
[DNLM: 1. Electroretinography. 2. Electrooculography.
3. Electrophysiology. 4. Evoked Potentials,Visual. 5. Vision
Disorders—physiopathology.WW 143 P957 2006]
RE79.E4P75 2006
617.7¢1547—dc22
2006041876
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Foreword xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Contributors xxi
I HISTORY AND BACKGROUND TO
MODERN TESTING 1
1 History of the Electroretinogram
A.F. R 3
2 History of Electro-Oculography
G B.A 11
3 History of Visual Evoked Cortical Testing
GF.A.H 15
II ANATOMY OF THE RETINA, PRINCIPLES
OF CELL BIOLOGY IN THE VISUAL PATHWAYS:
FUNCTIONAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL,
MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL 21
4 The Photoreceptor–Retinal Pigment Epithelium Interface
GS.H and L V.J 23
v
5 Membrane Mechanisms of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
OS 37
6 Functional Organization of the Retina
H K 47
7 Phototransduction and Photoreceptor Physiology
W. CS 65
8 Synaptic Transmission:Sensitivity Control Mechanisms
GFand RS 79
9 Structure and Function of Retinal Synapses:Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules
and Extracellular Matrix
W J. B,TC,MK.M,and
DD.H 93
10 Central Disorders of Vision in Humans
CA.G 109
III ORIGINS OF SLOW ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL
COMPONENTS 121
11 Origin and Significance of the Electro-Oculogram
GB.A 123
12 Orgins of the Electroretinogram
L J. F 139
13 The Origin of the Pattern Electroretinogram
MBand MB.H 185
14 The Multifocal Electroretinographic and Visual Evoked Potential Techniques
DC.H 197
15 Origin of the Visual Evoked Potentials
MFand MB 207
IV EQUIPMENT 235
16 Data Acquisition Systems for Electrodiagnostic Testing
C H and SN 237
17 Electrodes for Visual Testing
SG. C 245
18 Amplifiers and Special-Purpose Data Acquisition Systems
J. V O 255
vi 
19 Stimulus Devices,Calibration,and Measurement of Light
CH 265
V DATA ACQUISITION 285
20 1. Introduction to the ISCEV Standards
MF. M andE Z (   
    ) 287
2. EOG Standard
MF. M andE Z (   
    ) 289
3. Standard for Clinical Electroretinography
MF. M,G E.H,MW.S,and
S Y (     
  ) 290
4. Standard for Pattern Electroretinography
MB,M H,G E.H,MF. M,
T M,V,and YM (  
     ) 297
5. Visual Evoked Potentials Standard
J. VO,M B,CB,MB,
MF. M,AP T,GE.H,and
V (      
 ) 301
6. Guidelines for Basic Multifocal Electroretinography
MF. M,DC.H,D K,M K,
M W.S,and Y M (  
     ) 309
21 Multifocal Techniques
D Kand SP 319
22 The Pattern Electroretinogram
G E.H 341
23 Assessing Infant Acuity,Fusion,and Stereopsis with Visual Evoked Potentials
EE.B 353
24 Aging and Pattern Visual Evoked Cortical Potential
E A-U 361
25 Aberrant Albino and Achiasmat Visual Pathways: Noninvasive
Electrophysiological Assessment
P.A and L.J.B 369
26 Clinical Psychophysical Techniques
K R.A 399
27 Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity
G B.A 413
 vii
28 Suppressive Rod-Cone Interaction
T E.F 417
29 The Use of Fluorescein Angiography as an Adjunct to Electrophysiological Testing
J R.H 423
VI DATA ANALYSIS 429
30 Experimental Design and Data Analyses in Vision Function Testing
SN 431
31 Analytical Techniques
L.H  T and OE 439
32 Reverse Correlation Methods
BR.C and M S.L 461
33 Stimulus-Response Functions for the Scotopic b-Wave
AB.F and R.M.H 473
34 Kernel Analysis
J. VO 479
35 Measuring the Health of the Human Photoreceptors with the Leading Edge
of the a-Wave
DC.Hand D G. B 487
VII PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL TESTING 503
36 Localizing Lesions in the Visual System
G E.H 505
37 Paired-Flash ERG Analysis of Rod Phototransduction and Adaptation
D R.P 519
38 Hyperabnormal (Supranormal) Electroretinographic Responses
J R.H and SN 533
39 Technical Issues in Evaluating Patients for Therapeutic Trials
BE,P J. F,and RG. W 541
viii 
VIII OTHER PROTOCOLS FOR RECORDING OF ERG AND
SLOWER POTENTIALS, TECHNICAL ISSUES, AND
AUXILIARY TESTING TECHNIQUES 547
40 Early Receptor Potential
GL.F 549
41 Nonphotic Standing Potential Responses:Hyperosmolarity,Bicarbonate,
and Diamox Responses
K K,JT,and K W 553
42 Direct Current Electroretinogram
SE G. N 557
43 The Oscillatory Potentials of the Electroretinogram
PLC 565
44 Flicker Electroretinography
D G. B 581
45 Chromatic Recordings of Electroretinograms
K K,J T,K W,and
YS 585
46 Adaptation Effects on the Electroretinogram
P G and CM 593
47 Clinical Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Investigations into Color Defects
G B.Aand T B 597
48 Causes and Cures of Artifacts
G B.A 615
IX PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION OF
VISUAL DYSFUNCTION FROM DEVELOPMENTAL, TOXIC,
AND ACQUIRED CAUSES 621
49 Testing Levels of the Visual System
J R.H,R G. W,and G B.A 623
50 Effects of High Myopia on the Electroretinogram
SN 631
51 Electrodiagnostic Testing in Malingering and Hysteria
GE.H 637
52 Developmental Amblyopia
D T 643
 ix