Principles and Applications of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

329 Pages·2017·13.41 MB·English

by  N. Thejo Kalyani, Hendrik Swart, S. J. Dhoble

PRINCIPLES
AND APPLICATIONS
OF ORGANIC LIGHT
EMITTING DIODES
(OLEDs)
Related titles
Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Flexible Technologies
(ISBN 978-1-4377-7823-6)
Handbook of Organic Materials for Optical and (Opto) Electronic Devices
(ISBN 978-0-85709-265-6)
Optical Thin Films and Coatings
(ISBN 978-0-85709-594-7)
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
(ISBN 978-0-85709-425-4)
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic
and Optical Materials
PRINCIPLES
AND APPLICATIONS
OF ORGANIC LIGHT
EMITTING DIODES
(OLEDs)
N. THEJO KALYANI
HENDRIK SWART
S. J. DHOBLE
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-08-101213-0 (print)
ISBN: 978-0-08-101249-9 (online)
For information on all Woodhead Publishing publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Matthew Deans
Acquisition Editor: Kayla Dos Santos
Editorial Project Manager: Kattie Washington
Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar
Designer: Mark Rogers
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
CONTENTS
1. Luminescence: Basic Principles and Applications 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Light 1
1.3 Mechanism of Light Emission 3
1.4 Terminology Associated with Luminescence 24
1.5 Realm of Luminescent Materials 28
1.6 Conclusion 34
References 35
2. Luminescence in Organic Semiconductors 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Organic Compounds 40
2.3 Organic Semiconductors 45
2.4 HOMO and LUMO in Organic Semiconductors 52
2.5 Charge Transport in Organic Materials and Devices 54
2.6 Luminescent Organic Materials: An Overview 59
2.7 Organic verses Inorganic Luminescent Materials 62
2.8 Conclusions 62
References 63
3. Evolution of Luminescent Materials for Organic Light-Emitting
Diodes 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Red-Light-Emitting Materials for OLEDs 66
3.3 Green-Light Emitting Materials for OLEDs 73
3.4 Blue-Light-Emitting Materials and OLEDs 76
3.5 White-Light-Emitting Materials and OLEDs 80
3.6 Conclusions 81
References 81
4. Artificial Lighting: Origin—Impact and Future Perspectives 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Light 88
4.3 Lighting 89
4.4 Classification of Lighting 89
4.5 Artificial Lighting: Origin and Impact 90
4.6 Lighting Terminology 91
v
vi Contents
4.7 Light Sources 92
4.8 Evaluating Quality of White Light 94
4.9 Spectral Distribution of Different Light Sources 97
4.10 Electrically Powered Incandescent Lamps 97
4.11 Electrically Powered Luminescent Lamps 99
4.12 Solid-State Lighting 103
4.13 Future Perspectives 109
References 12
5. Solid-State Lighting 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Solid-State Lighting: A Brief History 116
5.3 Requisite of Solid-State Lighting 116
5.4 Solid-State Lighting With LEDs 117
5.5 CSL With OLEDs: Future Lighting Sources 130
5.6 Advantages of Organic Over Inorganic 136
5.7 LEDs Versus OLEDs 137
5.8 Conclusions 138
References 138
6. Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: The Future of Lighting Sources 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 141
6.3 Structure of OLEDs 142
6.4 Light-Emitting Mechanism of OLEDs 145
6.5 Materials for OLEDs 146
6.6 Efficiency of OLEDs 155
6.7 Device Architectures 160
6.8 Advantages of OLEDs 161
6.9 OLED Research Hurdles and Challenges 162
6.10 OLED Applications 164
6.11 Conclusions 167
References 168
7. Review of Literature on Organic Light-Emitting Diode Devices 171
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 Device Architecture 171
7.3 Review of Literature on Red OLEDs 174
7.4 Review of Literature on Green OLEDs 182
Contents vii
7.5 Review of Literature on Blue OLEDs 188
7.6 Review of Literature on White OLEDs 192
7.7 Conclusions 198
References 20
8. History of Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays 205
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Displays 206
8.3 Display Device 207
8.4 Display Terminology 208
8.5 Display Categorization 211
8.6 History of Display Technology 211
8.7 Plasma Display Panels 219
8.8 Light-Emitting Diode Displays 220
8.9 Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays 220
8.10 Future Outlook 223
8.11 Conclusions 224
References 24
9. Organic Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication and Characterization
Techniques 27
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 OLED Fabrication 227
9.3 Fabrication Technologies 231
9.4 Characterization of OLEDs 240
9.5 Conclusions 251
References 251
10. Photo-Physical Properties of Some RGB Emissive Materials 253
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Experimental Details 255
10.3 Conclusions 282
References 284
11. Future Prospects of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 287
11.1 Introduction 287
1.2 Curent Status of OLEDs 287
11.3 Future Prospects of OLEDs 28
viii Contents
11.4 OLEDs Research Trends in Past, Present, and Future 290
11.5 OLEDs: Future Perspectives 292
11.6 OLEDs in the Overall Lighting Sector 294
11.7 Industrial Challenges 296
11.8 Conclusions 306
References 306
Index 309
CHAPTER 1
Luminescence: Basic Principles
and Applications
1.1 INTRODUCTION
ecniS emit romemi ,lai thgil snoisime mo rf ro w ,sm olg aes ,se rutae rc
dna eht tnaga v artxe thgil sw ohs fo eht aro rua silae rob e v ah neb f tanicsa -
,gni dna a g tae r laed fo kro w sah neb enod ot dnehe rpmoc rieht ro gi .sni
litnU eht tne vda fo mutnauq ,scinahcem eht cisab ro gi sni fo eseht -sime
snois dluoc ton eb yletauqeda rednu .dots , retaL retfa suo remu n ec ruose r -
luf stpmeta ot reted enim eht ro gi ni dniheb eseht ,snoisime ti sa w ylanif
dedulcnoc taht y eht e ra eud ot eht anemonehp fo , ecnecsenimul hcihw
se vlo v ni eht rosba noitp fo el batius ygrene dna tneuqesbus noisime fo thgil
sa teloiv artlu ,)VU( el bisiv ,thgil ro de rarfni I( )R noitaidar mo rf retam .slai
O re v , emit rojam shguo rhtkae rb ni ecnecsenimul seiduts edam siht dleif fo
hc raese r a rojam sucof fo .noita v oni
1.2 LIGHT
thgiL sah f detanicsa dniknam ecnis tneicna semit hguo rht sti re es v id
sedahs dna roloc s sa ti sy alp a lativ elo r ni tsomla la se rehps fo dom -
re n .ra efil suoi V larutan redno s w hcus sa eht sedahs fo rnus sesi dna nus -
,stes ,sw obniar eht seul b fo naeco dna , yks ,. cte e vlo v ni .thgil tuB tahw si
?thgil I n elpmis ret ,sm ti si a lacisy hp ytitnauq taht si detime y b a imul -
suon ydob dna nehw tnedicni no eht e y e sesuac eht noitasnes fo thgis
hguo rht .se ren v I t setutitsnoc a y nit ropo noit rp fo eht elohw gamo rtcele -
citen rtceps mu taht si el bisiv ot eht namuh .se y e hguohT ruo ilibapac -
seit rof noitpec rep fo thgil e ra ylhgih ,deta v ele ylno a re yv w ran o r egnar
fo eht citengamo rtcele rtceps ,mu hcihw sdnetxe mo rf eht tseped teloiv
04( )mn ot eht tseped r de 057( ,)mn nac eb nes y b .su gnid rocA ot
eht htgnele v a w dna , ycneuqe rf eht roloc fo thgil osla segnahc dna ecneh
a rtceps mu fo IV OYGB R nac eb .de resbo v I n IV OYGB ,R de r seipuco
e rom ecaps dna ecneh sehcae r ruo se y e rif .ts ,deR g,ne r dna eul b )BGR(
Principles and Applications of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). © 2017 reiv eslE .dtL
DOI: http:d/ x.doi.org1/ 0.1016B/ 978-0-08-101213-0.00001-1 lA r sthgi .de rese r v 1