Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases PDF
Preview Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases
PRIMER ON CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES SECOND EDITION Edited by L R. C ouis apLan Department of Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States J B osé iLLeR Department of Neurology Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, IL, United States M C. L egan eaRy Department of Neurology Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network Allentown, PA, United States and Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida Tampa, FL, United States e H. L ng o Departments of Neurology and Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States a J. t JitH HoMas Division of Neurosurgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States M y idoRi enaRi Department of Neurology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical School San Francisco, CA, United States J H. Z oHn Hang Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA, United States Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Except Chapter 123 “Stroke and Infection: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Syphilis, Lyme Disease and Listeriosis” which is in the Public domain. Cover: Cover design by Lauren J. Lo. Images kindly provided by Dr. José Biller, Dr. Thomas P. Davis, Dr. Joe Herndon, Dr. Dong-Eog Kim, Ms. Caroline Sodja (NRC), and Dr. Danica Stanimirovic. Left panel: immunostaining of ZO-1 (red) and DAPI (blue) in cerebral endothelial cell cultures; Middle panel: angiogram of arteriovenous malformation; Right panel: infarct frequency map derived from a database of 400 diffusion-weighted MRI scans from patients with acute middle cerebral artery strokes; Background: IBA-positive (red) peri-vascular microglia and MHCII-positive (green) cerebral endothelium. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-803058-5 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Mara Conner Acquisition Editor: Melanie Tucker Editorial Project Manager: Kristi Anderson Production Project Manager: Julia Haynes Designer: Matt Limbert Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals List of Contributors J.A. Abbatemarco Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health N.G. Bazan Louisiana State University Health New Network, Allentown, PA, United States Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States R.J. Adams Medical University of South Carolina, J.S. Beecher UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, Charleston, SC, United States United States D.L. Adkins Medical University of South Carolina, A. Beer-Furlan Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State Charleston, SC, United States University, Columbus, OH, United States Y. Akamatsu University of California, San Francisco and L. Belayev Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San New Orleans, LA, United States Francisco, CA, United States; Tohoku University Graduate P. Bhattacharya Saint Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI, School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan United States O. Akyol Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma R. Bhole University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Linda, CA, United States Memphis, TN, United States A.V. Alexandrov The University of Tennessee Health J. Biller Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States I. Alim Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, V. Biousse Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, GA, United States New York, NY, United States C.V. Borlongan University of South Florida Morsani A.M. Alkhachroum University Hospitals Case Medical College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, United M.J.R.J. Bouts University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, States The Netherlands; Massachusetts General Hospital, S. Amin-Hanjani University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Charlestown, MA, United States; Leiden University, IL, United States Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden University Medical A.V. Andjelkovic University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Center, Leiden, The Netherlands United States R.L. Brey University of Texas Health Science Center at San J. Anrather Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States United States R. Bronstein Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, R. Applegate II Loma Linda University School of Medicine, United States Loma Linda, CA, United States A. Bryer University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa K. Arai Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States K.R. Bulsara Yale University School of Medicine/Yale New C. Ayata Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States M.A. Aziz-Sultan Brigham and Women’s Hospital, A. Can Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States P. Canhão University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal I. Ballesteros Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; L.R. Caplan Harvard University, Beth Israel Deaconess Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States United States S.T. Carmichael University of California Los Angeles, Los B. Bar Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Angeles, CA, United States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States R. Carrau Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State F.C. Barone SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, University, Columbus, OH, United States NY, United States J. Castaldo Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, D.L. Barrow Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Allentown, PA, United States GA, United States L. Catanese Harvard University, Beth Israel Deaconess M.K. Başkaya University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States WI, United States H. Chabriat Centre de référence pour les maladies rares des K. Bateman University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South vaisseaux du cerveau et de l’œil (CERVCO), DHU-NeuroVasc Africa and INSERM U1161, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France xiii xiv List of Contributors S. Chaturvedi University of Miami Miller School of R.M. Dijkhuizen University Medical Center Utrecht, Medicine, Miami, FL, United States Utrecht, The Netherlands N. Chaudhary University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, B.H. Dobkin University of California Los Angeles, Los United States Angeles, CA, United States Jieli Chen Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States R. Du Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States S. Chen Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China A.F. Ducruet University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, Jun Chen University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United United States States; Fudan University, Shanghai, China K.R. Duncan Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, D.W. Choi State University of New York at Stony Brook, Allentown, PA, United States Stony Brook, NY, United States; Korea Institute of Science L. Edvinsson Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden and Technology, Seoul, South Korea M.J. Edwards St Georges University of London, London, B. Choi Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard United Kingdom Medical School, Boston, MA, United States E. Egemen Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey M. Chopp Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States; M. El-Hunjul Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States Allentown, PA, United States D.Y. Chung Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United M. Emanuele Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States C.-P. Chung Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National N. Emanuele Hines VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan States M.J. Cipolla University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United M.K. Erdman Los Angeles County Hospital and USC States Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States F. Colbourne University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada A. Ergul Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States Q. Colburn University of South Florida Morsani College of S.C. Fagan University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States Augusta, GA, United States B.J. Cord Yale University School of Medicine/Yale New F.M. Faraci The University of Iowa Carver College of Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States B.M. Coull The University of Arizona College of Medicine, C. Federau Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States Tucson, AZ, United States J.M. Ferro University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal M.I. Cuartero Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; M. Fisher University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), United States Madrid, Spain K.D. Flemming Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States J.L. Cummings Cleveland Clinic Las Vegas, NV, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of C. Foerch Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United R.S. Freitas Louisiana State University Health New States Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States R.M. Dafer Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, R.M. Friedlander University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States United States T. Dalkara Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey T. Gaberel Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United B. Daou Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson States Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, United States C. Gakuba Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United K.R. Dave University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States States R.G. Giffard Stanford University School of Medicine, T.P. Davis University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States Stanford, CA, United States M. De Georgia University Hospitals Case Medical Center, M.P. Goldberg UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States TX, United States T.M. De Silva The University of Iowa Carver College of R.G. González Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Monash University, United States Clayton, VIC, Australia S. Gopinath Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, A. Dharap JFK Medical Center, Edison, NJ, United States United States M.R. Di Tullio Columbia University, New York, NY, United P.B. Gorelick Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, States Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, W.D. Dietrich University of Miami Miller School of United States Medicine, Miami, FL, United States List of Contributors xv C. Goshgarian Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, A.O. Jamshidi Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State Grand Rapids, MI, United States University, Columbus, OH, United States D.A. Greenberg Buck Institute for Research on Aging, B. Jankowitz University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Novato, CA, United States Pittsburgh, PA, United States C.J. Griessenauer Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, G.C. Jickling University of California at Davis, Sacramento, United States CA, United States K.A. Groshans Walter Reed National Military Medical M. Johansen The Johns Hopkins University School of Center, Bethesda, MD, United States Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States R. Gupta Wellstar Health System, Marietta, GA, United T.G. Jovin University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, States Pittsburgh, PA, United States R.A. Hachem Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State S.S. Karuppagounder Burke Medical Research Institute, University, Columbus, OH, United States White Plains, NY, United States; Weill Medical College Z.A. Hage University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, of Cornell University, New York, NY, United states United States E.M. Kasper Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United E.D. Hall University of Kentucky College of Medicine, States Lexington, KY, United States R.F. Keep University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United E. Hamel McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada States Q. Hao The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, H.-H. Kim Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United Baltimore, MD, United States States A.S. Haqqani National Research Council of Canada, D.E. Kim Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea Ottawa, ON, Canada J.S. Kim Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, R. Hariman Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, South Korea United States J.Y. Kim University of California, San Francisco and the D. Hasan University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San City, IA, United States Francisco, CA, United States D.C. Haussen Emory University School of Medicine, A.C. Klahr University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Atlanta, GA, United States M.J. Koch Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard L. He Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States Medical School, Boston, MA, United States D.M. Heiferman Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School M. Kole Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States States J.M. Herndon University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United S.M. Koleilat The University of Arizona College of States Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States W.M. Ho Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma A. Kozan University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, Linda, CA, United States United States S. Hoffmann Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, S. Kuroda University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Hokkaido Germany University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan B.M. Howard Emory University School of Medicine, C. Lamy Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Atlanta, GA, United States G. Lanzino Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States B.R. Hu Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research A.G. Larsen Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, States Baltimore, MD, United States Y. Laviv Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United J.D. Huber West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, States United States M.T. Lawton University of California, San Francisco, San B. Huisa University of California San Diego, San Diego, Francisco, CA, United States CA, United States M.C. Leary Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, P.D. Hurn University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Allentown, PA, United States; University of South Florida, Arbor, MI, United States Tampa, FL, United States J.J. Iliff Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, E.C. Leira University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United United States; University of Rochester Medical Center, States Rochester, NY, United States L. Li Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, P. Jabbour Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson United States Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, United Q. Li The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, States Baltimore, MD, United States xvi List of Contributors D.S. Liebeskind University of California, Los Angeles, Los J. Messegee University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Angeles, CA, United States United States L. Lin Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; B. Miller University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, People’s Republic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States of China S. Mirza UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, V.A. Lioutas Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States MA, United States J.M. Modak Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, T. Lippert University of South Florida Morsani College of MA, United States Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States M.A. Moro Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; R. Liu University of North Texas Health Science Center, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Fort Worth, TX, United States Madrid, Spain J. Liu University of California, San Francisco and the San M.A. Nagel University of Colorado School of Medicine, Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Aurora, CO, United States CA, United States S. Namura Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, C.L. Liu Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research United States Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, M. Nedergaard University of Rochester Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States Rochester, NY, United States; University of Copenhagen, I. Lizasoain Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Copenhagen, Denmark Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), D.W. Newell Seattle Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, Madrid, Spain United States E.H. Lo Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States N.J. Newman Emory University School of Medicine, C.M. Loftus Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Atlanta, GA, United States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States K.L. Ng University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, A.F. Logsdon West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, CA, United States United States D. Nguyen University of California San Diego, San Diego, B.P. Lucke-Wold West Virginia University, Morgantown, CA, United States WV, United States H. Nguyen University of South Florida Morsani College of S. Madhavan University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States United States G. Nielsen UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United V. Madhugiri Stanford University School of Medicine, Kingdom Stanford, CA, United States Y. Nishijima University of California, San Francisco and K. Malhotra University of California, Los Angeles, Los the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Angeles, CA, United States Francisco, CA, United States; Tohoku University Graduate W.J. Manning Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan United States N. Nishimura Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States S.J. Marcell Louisiana State University Health New R.G. Nogueira Emory University School of Medicine, Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States Atlanta, GA, United States J.-L. Mas Paris Descartes University, Paris, France C.S. Ogilvy Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United K. Masamoto University of Electro-Communications, States Chofu, Tokyo, Japan D.B. Orbach Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical C. Matute Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, School, Boston, MA, United States Zamudio, Spain; CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain; Universidad A.P. Ostendorf Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, del País Vasco-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain OH, United States L.D. McCullough The University of Texas Health Science B. Otto Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States Columbus, OH, United States M.M. McDowell University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, A. Ozpinar University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, United States Pittsburgh, PA, United States M. Mehdiratta Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, D.M. Panczykowski University of Pittsburgh Medical Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States D. Mehta Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, A.B. Patel Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Allentown, PA, United States Medical School, Boston, MA, United States A. Meisel Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Y. Perez Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Germany Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada List of Contributors xvii M.A. Perez-Pinzon University of Miami, Miami, Florida, H.J. Shakir University at Buffalo, State University of New United States York, Buffalo, NY, United States C. Potey University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, F.R. Sharp University of California at Davis, Sacramento, Canada CA, United States J.M. Pradillo Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; F. Shuja Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), United States Madrid, Spain A.H. Siddiqui University at Buffalo, State University of D.M. Prevedello Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State New York, Buffalo, NY, United States University, Columbus, OH, United States M.A. Silva Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United K. Rajamani Wayne State University School of Medicine, States Detroit, MI, United States A.B. Singhal Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard L. Rangel-Castilla University at Buffalo, State University of Medical School, Boston, MA, United States New York, Buffalo, NY, United States K. Sivakumar Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, N.M. Rao David Geffen School of Medicine at University Allentown, PA, United States of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United D.H. Slade Loyola University Medical Center and Edward States Hines Jr. Veteran Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, R.R. Ratan Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, United States NY, United States; Weill Medical College of Cornell E.R. Smith Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United University, New York, NY, United States States A.P. Raval University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United F. Sohrabji Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, States United States G.D. Reddy Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, I. Solaroglu Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey United States S.K. Sriraman Northeastern University, Boston, MA, C. Reis Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma United States Linda, CA, United States B. Stamova University of California at Davis, Sacramento, E.S. Roach Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, CA, United States United States D.B. Stanimirovic National Research Council of Canada, P.T. Ronaldson University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United Ottawa, ON, Canada States C.J. Stapleton Massachusetts General Hospital and C.L. Rosen West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States United States C.M. Stary Stanford University School of Medicine, G.A. Rosenberg The University of New Mexico, Stanford, CA, United States Albuquerque, NM, United States G.K. Steinberg Stanford University School of Medicine, W.C. Rutledge University of California, San Francisco, San Stanford, CA, United States Francisco, CA, United States C. Stephen Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, R. Sabzwari Loyola University Medical Center and Edward United States Hines Jr. Veteran Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, R.A. Stetler University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States United States; Fudan University, Shanghai, China G. Salzano Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United J. Stone University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United States Kingdom P.A. Santucci Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of R. Sumbria Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States United States; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, J.L. Saver David Geffen School of Medicine at University of United States California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States R. Sweis Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of T. Schallert The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States United States R. Tahir Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States M.L. Schermerhorn Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, R. Tarawneh Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United Boston, MA, United States States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case M.J. Schneck Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States J. Tarsia Ochsner Health Systems, New Orleans, LA, A.P. See Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston Children’s United States Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United R. Tehrani Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of States Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States xviii List of Contributors M.K. Teo Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, J. Wang The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CA, United States Baltimore, MD, United States F.D. Testai University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, X. Wang Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United United States States A.S. Thrane University of Rochester Medical Center, Y.T. Wang University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Rochester, NY, United States; Haukeland University Canada Hospital, Bergen, Norway Z.Z. Wei Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta M.K. Tobin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States United States L. Wei Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, M.E. Tome University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States United States M.A. Topcuoglu Massachusetts General Hospital and B.G. Welch UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; United States Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey H.R. Winn Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, NY, C.H. Topel University of Texas Health Science Center at United States; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States States V. Torchilin Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United M. Wintermark Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia States R.J. Traystman University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, R.J. Wityk The Johns Hopkins University School of United States Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States S.E. Tsirka Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, O. Wu Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States United States Y. Turan University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, K.C. Wu Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard United States Medical School, MA, United States M. Tymianski Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, G. Xi University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; H.A. Yacoub Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Allentown, PA, United States K. van Leyen Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, A. Yakhkind Brown University, Providence, RI, United MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, States United States Y. Yamamoto Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan P. Varade Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, S.-H. Yang University of North Texas Health Science Allentown, PA, United States; University of South Florida, Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States Tampa, FL, United States M. Yenari University of California, San Francisco and the J.S. Veluz St. Mary Medical Center, Langhorne, PA, United San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San States Francisco, CA, United States R. Vemuganti University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, K. Yigitkanli Polatli Government Hospital, Ankara, United States Turkey P. Venkat Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States; H. Yonas University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States United States Z.S. Vexler University of California, San Francisco, San Z. Yu Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States Francisco, CA, United States S.L. Zettervall Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, C.M. Vial Sutter Health/Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Boston, MA, United States Palo Alto, CA, United States J. Zhang Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma H.V. Vinters David Geffen School of Medicine at University Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States United States M.R. Vosko Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria W. Zhang University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United C. Waeber University College Cork, Cork, Ireland States; Fudan University, Shanghai, China B.P. Walcott University of California, San Francisco, San H. Zhao Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States Francisco, CA, United States Introduction Twenty years have passed since the first edition of background to place the discussions into perspective Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases was published.1 The and clinicians were at sea in the biochemical and techni- book sought to reduce the growing gap in the cerebro- cal details of the basic discussions. A few days was too vascular field between physicians and surgeons who short a time for the education needed. actively treated patients and researchers who worked This second edition of the Primer is aimed directly at in basic and clinical research. The term “translational providing a clinical-research interface, a repository of medicine” was first being discussed at that time. All information that is basic, concise, simply written, and agreed that the best way to ensure progress was intimate easily understood for individuals who are unfamiliar communication and cooperation between clinicians and with a particular topic. Unlike a short meeting, a volume researchers. Clinicians needed to have some sense about (hard copy or e-book) can serve as a frequently perused what was happening and forthcoming from the labo- source of information that can bridge a large educa- ratory and researchers needed to know what were the tional–informational gap. This edition has expanded most important targets to help patient care at the bed- with more editors and more topics. Editors have care- side and in the clinic. Dr. Arthur Kornberg, who received fully selected authors who are working within their top- the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1959 for ics. They are instructed to make their chapters concise his work on DNA, commented in his autobiography2 and easily understood. The volume has been thoroughly that the single most important year in his training was edited to ensure simplicity and completeness. I hope that his clinical internship. That exposure provided targets it will help reduce the gap and aid progress in transla- for needed advancement for his entire career, which was tional research and in the clinical care of future stroke spent in various basic research laboratories. patients. During the past two decades since publication of the first edition, the clinical-research gap has probably wid- Louis R. Caplan, MD ened. Clinicians and surgeons have become even more Boston, Massachusetts specialized, each dealing with more restricted situations, November 2016 technology, compounds, and conditions. Basic research- ers have had to become even more competitive for 1. Caplan LR, Siesjo BK, Weir B, Welch KM , Reis grants. Many work in very specialized areas. I have been DJ. Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, San Diego, at Princeton Cerebrovascular Disease Conference meet- Academic press, 1997 ings in which all attendees are instructed to sit through 2. Kornberg A. For the love of enzymes. The odyssey of a all sessions—researchers listening to clinical topics and biochemist. Harvard U press, Cambridge, 1989 clinicians taking in research discussions. My sense was that these did not work well. Clinical and research top- ics were too focused; researchers lacked the clinical xix C H A P T E R 1 Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Hemodynamics R.J. Traystman University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States INTRODUCTION base of the brain to form the circle of Willis (Fig. 1.1 [1]). This vascular ring then gives rise to three pairs of arter- The adult human brain represents about 2% of total ies, the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, body weight, but receives nearly 15% of total resting which cover the external surface of the corresponding cardiac output. Under normal conditions, the brain is regions of the cerebral cortex. These arteries divide into highly perfused and is extremely sensitive to any change progressively smaller arteries, penetrating brain tissue or interruption in its blood supply. If the brain’s circu- and supplying blood to specific regions. Branches of the lation is completely obstructed, loss of consciousness vertebral and basilar arteries form the blood supply for occurs within seconds and irreversible pathological the cerebellum and brain stem. While there is some vari- changes occur within minutes. For example, in cardiac ability among individuals, the internal carotids and the arrest, the extent of injury of the central nervous system vertebral–basilar system generally contribute equally to (CNS) is the critical factor that determines the degree of the circle of Willis. Even though the internal carotid and recovery. It is, therefore, not surprising that the physio- basilar arteries converge (forming the circle of Willis), logical mechanisms that regulate cerebral circulation are blood from the two tributaries normally does not mix designed to ensure the constancy of cerebral blood flow completely because blood pressure in each arterial tribu- (CBF) over a broad range of internal and external condi- tary is almost equal. Angiography and/or dye injections tions. This may even occur at the expense of adequate indicate that blood from the various tributaries is ulti- blood flow to other organs. mately distributed to relatively specific and delineated brain regions. Under normal conditions, vertebral–basi- lar arterial blood is mainly distributed to tissues in the posterior fossa while the internal carotids supply the ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS remainder of the brain. In addition, there is relatively little bilateral crossing, again due to the similarity in Arterial System blood pressure. Normally the circle of Willis functions The brain of essentially all mammalian species is primarily as an anterior–posterior shunt than as a side- supplied with blood from several major sources, that to-side shunt. However, under pathological conditions, is, the internal and external carotid, vertebral, and spi- especially those that involve focal obstructions in arte- nal anterior arteries. However, the relative importance rial feeders to the circle, the balance of pressures may be of these channels in any species is unclear. Although altered and the circle of Willis can then serve either as an the internal carotid artery leads directly to the brain, in anterior–posterior or as a side-to-side shunt. some species this vessel is unimportant, and it may be In addition, there are a number of arterial anastomotic the external carotid that carries the major proportion of vessels on each side of the head between the intracranial blood reaching the brain. In humans, the anterior three- and extracranial circulations. These include: (1) a con- fifths of the cerebrum, except for parts of the occipital nection between the vertebral and occipital arteries; (2) a and temporal lobes, are supplied by the carotid arteries. communication between the ascending pharyngeal and The posterior two-fifths of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, internal carotid arteries; (3) the middle meningeal artery and brain stem are supplied by the vertebral–basilar branching off from the internal maxillary artery and con- system. The carotid and vertebral arteries unite at the necting with the internal carotid artery, (4) the anastomotic 5 Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, Second Edition http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803058-5.00001-1 © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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