Primary Angioplasty

339 Pages·2018·12.823 MB·English

by  Timothy J Watson, Paul JL Ong, James E Tcheng

PPPPrrrriiiimmmmaaaarrrryyyy AAAAnnnnggggiiiiooooppppllllaaaassssttttyyyy
A Practical Guide
Timothy J Watson
Paul JL Ong
James E Tcheng
Editors
Primary Angioplasty
Timothy J Watson • Paul JL Ong
James E Tcheng
Editors
Primary Angioplasty
A Practical Guide
Editors
Timothy J Watson Paul JL Ong
Department of Cardiology Department of Cardiology
HSC Medical Center Tan Tock Seng Hospital
Kuala Lumpur Singapore
Malaysia
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Auckland
New Zealand
James E Tcheng
Department of Medicine
Duke University
Durham
North Carolina
USA
ISBN 978-981-13-1113-0 ISBN 978-981-13-1114-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1114-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947504
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2018 This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit
to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
To our friends, colleagues, mentors who have
worked tirelessly to develop and refine acute
cardiac care. This work is dedicated to
supporting ongoing growth and development
of primary PCI as the most effective
treatment for myocardial infarction.
Timothy J Watson, Paul JL Ong
To my wife and forever sweetheart Marianne,
for her eternal patience and enduring love.
James E Tcheng
Preface
Management of acute myocardial infarction has dramatically evolved over the last
70 years. Advances in the understanding of the aetiologies of myocardial infarction
coupled with development of the defibrillator, the introduction of the coronary care
unit and the application of various pharmacological interventions that improved
both survival and outcomes all represent significant milestones. Arguably though,
the most important gains came from the appreciation that outcome is intimately
related to the extent of myocardial injury, and that rapid reperfusion of the infarct-
related artery offers striking benefits in terms of myocardial salvage and concomi-
tant reductions in morbidity and mortality.
Early attempts at pharmacological reperfusion were unpredictable and were
associated with an increased risk of bleeding—an inherent pitfall of the need for
systemic fibrinolysis to achieve a focal effect (reperfusion of the occluded coronary
artery). With the introduction of coronary angioplasty in 1977, a new treatment
paradigm emerged—targeted therapy direct at the focal culprit lesion. Indeed, semi-
nal trials of coronary angioplasty conducted just 15 years following the first proce-
dure demonstrated superior outcomes with the angioplasty approach compared with
systemic fibrinolytic therapy. Consequently, the use of coronary angioplasty to
achieve reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction, termed primary percutaneous
coronary intervention (primary PCI), has represented a major focus for provision of
acute cardiac care over the last 15 years. With vastly improved outcomes and lower
complication rates as compared with fibrinolytic therapy, primary PCI has evolved
to become the gold standard treatment and is increasingly available not only in ter-
tiary centres but also in smaller district hospitals, allowing rapid treatment upon first
medical contact.
Adoption of primary PCI did not occur in isolation, but instead is best considered
a component of a larger system of emergent healthcare. Partnerships between
healthcare providers in the community, emergency department and cardiologists are
required. Patient and community education programmes that emphasise early rec-
ognition and triage are also necessary. New funding streams for healthcare delivery
must also be leveraged. In parallel, the medical device industry has driven rapid
evolution in technology of the procedure itself improving outcomes and reducing
risks.
Perhaps though, the most critical contribution to a successful primary PCI pro-
gramme has been emergence of a shared passion for education and teaching within
vii
viii Preface
the cardiology community. Learning through our own successes and failures has
provided an opportunity to reflect. Dedicated programmes such as the annual and
hugely successful Asia Primary Angioplasty Congress offer important platforms to
educate each other, and through such activity we have seen successful primary PCI
programmes even in countries where healthcare resources are still limited.
This handbook is the result of our cumulative years of experience in the field of
primary PCI. We have brought together some of the leading experts in the world and
have aimed to make this handbook both practical and relevant to all those involved
in delivering the benefit of primary PCI to our patients.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Timothy J Watson
Singapore, Singapore Paul JL Ong
Durham, NC James E Tcheng
April 2018
Acknowledgments
Publication of this book has been supported through an unrestricted educational
grant provided by Medtronic Inc.
The Aesculap Academy (Singapore), the appointed secretariat of the Asia
Primary Angioplasty Congress (http://www.apac.sg) provided administrative and
legal support to editorial team.
ix
Contents
1 Historical Perspectives on Management of Acute
Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Zhen Vin Lee and Bashir Hanif
2 Prehospital Diagnosis and Management of Acute
Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Adam J. Brown, Francis J. Ha, Michael Michail, and Nick E. J. West
3 Primary Angioplasty: Efficacy and Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ian Patrick Kay and Brittany Georgia Kay
4 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Networks and Logistics:
Rural and Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Jithendra B. Somaratne, James T. Stewart, Peter N. Ruygrok,
and Mark W. Webster
5 Utilization of PCI After Fibrinolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Peter McKavanagh, George Zawadowski, and Warren J. Cantor
6 Catheter Laboratory Design, Staffing and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Cara Hendry and Rizwan Rashid
7 Patient Preparation, Vascular Access, and Guiding
Catheter Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Fuminobu Yoshimachi and Yuji Ikari
8 Dual Antiplatelet and Glycoprotein Inhibitors
in Emergency PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Alan Yean Yip Fong and Hwei Sung Ling
9 Anticoagulants and Primary PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fahim H. Jafary
10 Management of Intracoronary Thrombus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Janarthanan Sathananthan, Timothy J. Watson, Dale Murdoch,
Christopher Overgaard, Deborah Lee, Deanna Khoo and
Paul J. L. Ong
xi
xii Contents
11 Is There a Role for Bare-Metal Stents in Current
STEMI Care? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Mark Hensey, Janarthanan Sathananthan, Wahyu Purnomo Teguh,
and Niall Mulvihill
12 Drug-Coated Balloons in STEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Upul Wickramarachchi, Hee Hwa Ho, and Simon Eccleshall
13 Culprit-Only Artery Versus Multivessel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Valeria Paradies and Pieter C. Smits
14 Role of Intravascular Imaging in Primary PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
William K. T. Hau and Bryan P. Y. Yan
15 Physiological Lesion Assessment in STEMI and
Other Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Katherine M. Yu and Morton J. Kern
16 Role of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Acute
Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
William Y. Shi and Julian A. Smith
17 A Handbook of Primary PCI: No-Reflow Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Julien Adjedj, Olivier Muller, and Eric Eeckhout
18 Medications in Cardiogenic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Mei-Tzu Wang, Cheng Chung Hung, and Wei-Chun Huang
19 Mechanical Circulatory Support in ST-Elevation
Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Nathan Lo and E. Magnus Ohman
20 Mechanical Complications of Acute Myocardial Infraction . . . . . . . . . 275
Wei Wang and Anson Cheung
21 Time to Reperfusion, Door-to-Balloon Times,
and How to Reduce Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Margot M. Sherman Jollis and James G. Jollis
22 Strategies for Reducing Myocardial Infarct
Size Following STEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Valeria Paradies, Mervyn Huan Hao Chan, and Derek J. Hausenloy
23 Primary PCI: Outcomes and Quality Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
John S. Douglas