Preventive Force: Drones, Targeted Killing, and the Transformation of Contemporary Warfare PDF
Preview Preventive Force: Drones, Targeted Killing, and the Transformation of Contemporary Warfare
Preventive Force Preventive Force Drones, Targeted Killing, and the Transformation of Contemporary Warfare Edited by Kerstin Fisk and Jennifer M. Ramos NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York www.nyupress.org © 2016 by New York University All rights reserved References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fisk, Kerstin, editor of compilation. | Ramos, Jennifer M., editor of compilation. Title: Preventive force : drones, targeted killing, and the transformation of contemporary warfare / edited by Kerstin Fisk and Jennifer M. Ramos. Other titles: Drones, targeted killing, and the transformation of contemporary warfare Description: New York : New York University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016001633 | ISBN 9781479857531 (hbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781479857654 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Drone aircraft—Moral and ethical aspects. | Drone aircraft—Government policy—United States. | Preemptive attack (Military science) | Targeted killing— Government policy. | Terrorism—Prevention. | Air warfare—Government policy— Western countries. | United States—Military policy. | War (International law) Classification: LCC UG1242.D7 P75 2016 | DDC 355.4—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016001633 New York University Press books are printed on acid- free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppli- ers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Also available as an ebook Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Figures and Tables ix 1. Introduction: The Preventive Force Continuum 1 Kerstin Fisk and Jennifer M. Ramos Part I. Understanding Preventive War 2. Preventive Force: The Logic of Costs and Benefits 33 Jennifer Taw 3. Preventive War and Its Domestic Politics 58 Miroslav Nincic 4. Sovereignty and Preventive War in the Twenty- First Century: A Retrospective on Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War 88 Thomas M. Nichols Part II. Perspectives on Preventive Drone Strikes 5. Why Drones Are Different 115 Stephan Sonnenberg 6. The Drone: It’s in the Way That You Use It 142 David Glazier 7. Drones and the Law: Why We Do Not Need a New Legal Framework for Targeted Killing 170 Daphne Eviatar 8. Studying Drones: The Low Quality Information Environment of Pakistan’s Tribal Areas 199 C. Christine Fair v vi | Contents Part III. The Future of Preventive Force 9. The Contemporary Practice of Self- Defense: Evolving Toward the Use of Preemptive or Preventive Force? 229 Avery Plaw and João Franco Reis 10. Restricting the Preventive Use of Force: Drones, the Struggle against Non- State Actors, and Jus ad Vim 257 John Emery and Daniel R. Brunstetter 11. Drones and Dirty Hands 283 Ben Jones and John M. Parrish 12. Beyond Preventive Force: Just Peace as Preventive Non- Intervention 313 Deen Chatterjee 13. Conclusions 341 Jennifer M. Ramos and Kerstin Fisk About the Contributors 349 Index 353 Acknowledgments In spring 2014, the Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts at Loyola Mary- mount University sponsored a conference on preventive force and drone technology. The chapters herein reflect the substance of those conversa- tions, and we are grateful to the authors for their contributions to both the conference and the volume. In addition, we were pleased to have the support of Dean Mike O’Sullivan and Associate Dean Jeffrey Wilson. Our colleagues within the Political Science Department were also sup- portive, particularly our chair, Richard Fox. It is safe to say that without his initial prodding, we would not have had the wonderful experience of the conference, nor this compilation of essays. We would also like to thank others who were instrumental in facilitating the conference: David Glazier, John Radson, Michelle Larson, President Dave Burcham, Jerry Green, Robert Williams, Justin Connelly, Peter Warren, Tom Plate, and Robert Greenwald. And we send a special shout- out to our students: Talin Bagdassarian, Alexia Barbaro, Loana Benjamin, Rubyann Park, Chris Eaton, Jeffrey Michels, Alfredo Hernandez, and Hannah Gioia. As for the manuscript, we are grateful to Caelyn Cobb at New York University Press for her consistent attention and encouragement throughout this process. We dedicate this book to Kerstin’s grandfather, Roman, and Jennifer’s brother, Nate. vii List of Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 “Very Important” U.S. Foreign Policy Goals, 1991 64 3.2 “Very Important” U.S. Foreign Policy Goals, 2002 64 3.3 Attitudinal Correlates of the Iraq War, 2003– 2010 71 3.4 Why Bush Went to War, 2005 and 2006 75 3.5 Public Support for Preventive War, 2003– 2006 77 3.6 Partisanship and the Iraq War 78 Tables 2.1 Types of Threat and Criteria for Preventive Response 43 2.2 Preventive Action: Costs, Benefits, and Alternative Actions 47 3.1 Domestic Responses to Initiation of Two Iraq Wars 68 3.2 Expectations Regarding War Outcomes 69 3.3 When the United States Is Justified in Overthrowing Foreign Governments 70 3.4 Iraq War as “Mistake” 72 3.5 Partisanship and Preventive War 78 3.6 The Iraq War and Congressional Election Issues 79 3.7 The Iraq War and Presidential Election Issues 80 11.1 Comparison of the Criteria Governing the Use of Force 298 ix
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