Prevention of Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages

365 Pages·1998·37.954 MB·English

by  R. Springenschmid

Prevention of Thermal Cracking in
Concrete at Early Ages
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RILEM REPORT 15
Prevention of Thermal
Cracking in Concrete at
Early Ages
State-of-the-Art Report prepared by
RILEM Technical Committee 119
Avoidance of Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages
Edited by
R. Springenschmid
Technical University of Munich
Germany
E & FN Spon
An imprint of Routledge
London and New York
First published 1998
by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
© 1998 RILEM
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
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invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
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The publisher makes no representation, express or implied,
with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this
book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or
liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Publisher's Note
This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy and
word-processing discs provided by the individual contributors.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 0 419 22310 X
Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
1 Methods to Determine the Heat of Hydration of Concrete 1
P. Morabito
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definitions 2
1.3 Review of available methods 3
1.4 Prediction of the adiabatic temperature rise from adiabatic 12
and semi-adiabatic calorimetry
1.5 RILEM "Round Robin" co-operative programme 14
1.6 Draft recommendations 18
1.7 Applications of adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimetry 20
Appendix A: "Round Robin" test programme 21
References 21
2 Methods for Experimental Determination of Thermal 26
Stresses and Crack Sensitivity in the Laboratory
M. Mangold
2.1 General aspects 26
2.2 Methods for direct measurement of restraint stresses 28
and cracking tendency
References 36
3 Influence of Constituents, Mix Proportions and Temperature 40
on Cracking Sensitivity of Concrete
R. Springenschmid and R. Breitenbucher
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Technological measures up to now 40
3.3 Restraint stresses and cracking in concrete at early ages 41
3.4 Methods to quantify factors of influence 43
3.5 Influence of fresh concrete temperature 43
3.6 Influence of concrete constituents 43
3.7 Quantification and selection of measures 49
References 50
vi Contents
Prediction of Temperature Development in Hardening Concrete 51
K. van Breugel
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Models for temperature prediction 52
4.3 Models for temperature prediction - historical 52
developments
4.4 Hydration of cement-based systems 54
4.5 Mathematical models for quantification temperature 59
development
4.6 Thermal properties of concrete 63
4.7 Determination of temperature distribution in hardening 67
concrete structures
4.8 Concluding remarks 69
References 70
Development of Mechanical Behaviour at Early Ages 76
M. Emborg
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Compressive strength 81
5.3 Tensile strength 92
5.4 Viscoelastic behaviour of early-age concrete 97
5.5 Fracture mechanics behaviour 121
5.6 Thermal expansion and contraction 126
5.7 Conclusions 130
Appendix A: Temperature effects on final strength and 131
effects of temperature at resting
References 136
Assessment of External Restraint 149
F. S. Rostdsy, T. Tanabe and M. Laube
6.1 Introduction and scope 149
6.2 Symbols 150
6.3 Principal causes of restraint stresses 151
6.4 Types of external restraint 153
6.5 Restraint actions 154
6.6 Crack control with reinforcement and pre-stressing 174
References 176
Models and Methods for Computation of Thermal Stresses 178
M. Emborg
7.1 General 178
7.2 Methods for rough estimations of cracking risks 181
Contents vii
7.3 Constitutive equations based on the principle of 189
superposition
7.4 Constitutive equations based on differential formulations 192
7.5 Other constitutive relations or methods 196
7.6 Methods for structural analysis 197
7.7 Cracking risks 205
7.8 Applications 206
7.9 Concluding remarks 208
References 215
Appendix A: List of computer programmes for calculating 222
thermal stresses and/or cracking risk
Measurement of Thermal Stresses In Situ 231
T. Tanabe
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Stress gauges developed in Japan 231
8.3 Stress gauges developed in France 240
8.4 Stress measurement by incore methods 242
8.5 Indirect measuring by strain gauges 242
8.6 Examples of measurement of thermal stresses in situ 245
References 253
Practical Measures to Avoiding Early Age Thermal 255
Cracking in concrete structures
S. Bernander
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Early age cracking in concrete due to hydration 260
volume - general
9.3 General principles and practical measures of controlling 268
early age cracking
9.4 Specific measures relevant to mass concrete 274
9.5 Specific measures relevant to 'medium mass concrete' - 279
applicable to medium massive structures
9.6 Slender structures 290
9.7 Restraint 291
9.8 Crack criteria - monitoring, control and follow up of 297
specified requirements during construction
9.9 Crack prevention by means of reinforcement 307
9.10 Future development 309
9.11 Notations 309
References 310
viii Contents
10 RILEM Technical Recommendations 315
RILEM Technical Committee 119 - TCE
10.1 Adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimetry to determine 315
the temperature increase in concrete due to
hydration heat of the cement
10.2 Method for in situ measurement of thermal stress in 331
concrete using the stress meter
10.3 Testing of the cracking tendency of concrete at early ages 339
in the cracking frame test
Keyword Index 347
List of Contributors
Stig Bernander
Lulea University of Technology, Division of Structural Engineering,
Lulea, Sweden
Rolf Breitenbucher
Philipp Holzmann AG, Zentrales Baustofflabor,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Klaas van Breugel
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Delft, The Netherlands
Mats Emborg
Lulea University of Technology, Division of Structural Engineering,
Lulea, Sweden
Martin Laube
Technische Universitat Braunschweig, IBMB, Brunswick, Germany
Martin Mangold
Barg Betontechnik GmbH & Co., Berlin, Germany
Paolo Morabito
ENEL spa, DSR-CRIS, Milan, Italy
Ferdinand S. Rostdsy
Technische Universitat Braunschweig, IBMB, Brunswick, Germany
Rupert Springenschmid
Technische Universitat Munchen, Baustoffmstitut, Munich, Germany
Tada-aki Tanabe
University of Nagoya, Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya, Japan