Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course PDF
Preview Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course
Depression and Personality Vania Martínez Claudia Miranda-Castillo Editors Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course Depression and Personality Series Editors Mariane Krause, Faculty of Social Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile Guillermo de la Parra, Department of Psychiatry Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile Alemka Tomicic, Faculty of Psychology Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile The Depression and Personality book series presents cutting edge knowledge regarding the causes, treatment, and prevention of depression from a perspective that takes into account the interaction between depression and personality and the influences of multiple dimensions that contribute to the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of depression in different populations. The series is published in collaboration with the Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), a scientific center of excellence in Chile made up of psychologists, psychiatrists and professionals from various areas of social sciences and health, who seek to generate knowledge based on a multidimensional understanding of depression. MIDAP’s characteristic multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach implies the development of an empirically-based model that takes into account the etiology, prevention, intervention, and rehabilitation of depression. This multidimensional and multidisciplinary model is evidenced in the titles of the series, which cover, individually or in combination, the following topics: 1. Basic bio-psycho-social structures and processes involved in depression and its interaction with the personality. 2. Health promotion and psychosocial intervention strategies that would prevent early conditions associated with the development of depression and personality dysfunction. 3. Psychotherapeutic interventions and mechanisms involved in symptomatic relief and change processes in diverse types of depressive patients. 4. Rehabilitation and reintegration interventions oriented to reduce the chronicity of depression and to maintain gains after treatment, as well as, topics regarding early- life maltreatment and co-morbid personality dysfunction as risk factors of chronic or recurrent courses of depression. Vania Martínez • Claudia Miranda-Castillo Editors Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course Editors Vania Martínez Claudia Miranda-Castillo Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Nursing Universidad de Chile Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile Santiago, Chile ISSN 2662-3587 ISSN 2662-3595 (electronic) Depression and Personality ISBN 978-3-031-13028-1 ISBN 978-3-031-13029-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13029-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Thamara Tapia-Muñoz, Claudia Miranda-Castillo, and Vania Martínez Part I C hildren, Adolescents, and Youths 2 Innovations in Closing the Global Prevention and Treatment Gap for Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Youths . . . . . . . . . 11 Matías Irarrázaval 3 Preventing Depression in Children and Adolescents Through Mindfulness- Based Interventions in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Carlos García-Rubio and Catherine I. Andreu 4 Digital Technology Interventions for Preventing and Treating Youth Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Daniela Lira and Vania Martínez 5 Contemplation of Nature to Promote Mental Health and Prevent Depression in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Sebastián Medeiros, Álvaro I. Langer, and Sandra Stolzenbach 6 Internet-Based Interventions for Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression in Higher Education Students . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Álvaro Jiménez-Molina, Pamela Franco, Scarlett Mac-Ginty, and Vania Martínez Part II Adults and Older Adults 7 Interventions for Adult Depression in Primary Health-Care Clinics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Pablo Martínez and Graciela Rojas v vi Contents 8 The Potential of Internet-Based Psychological Interventions for Perinatal Depression Prevention and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Pamela Franco, Marcia Olhaberry, Antonia Muzard, María Asunción Lara, and Pim Cuijpers 9 Preventive and Early Treatment of Depression in Older Adults . . . . 167 Sandra Saldivia, Félix Cova, Carolina Inostroza, Joseph Aslan, and Maryam Farhang 10 Depressive Disorders Among Family Caregivers of People Living with Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Claudia Miranda-Castillo, Thamara Tapia-Muñoz, Déborah Oliveira, and Sebastián Sáez Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Chapter 1 Introduction Thamara Tapia-Muñoz, Claudia Miranda-Castillo, and Vania Martínez Depression is considered a preventable health disease and an important public health problem (The Lancet, 2022). Different public health services are offered in order to tackle depression globally with increasing effectiveness (Herrman et al., 2022; The Lancet, 2022). So far, countries have made advances in building public health capacity, including national plans and policies to provide care for all ages. Yet, especially after the COVID-19 emergency, it is known that depression is far from being a resolved problem (Santomauro et al., 2021). The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) was settled to address the gap between the need and provision of health services, especially among low- and middle-income countries (World Health Organization, 2015). The program included depression as one of the priorities because of its high prevalence and burden. Actions needed to reduce the mental health gap included improving mental health literacy among the community T. Tapia-Muñoz Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago, Chile Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile C. Miranda-Castillo Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile V. Martínez (*) Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile CEMERA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1 V. Martínez, C. Miranda-Castillo (eds.), Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course, Depression and Personality, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13029-8_1 2 T. Tapia-Muñoz et al. and health professionals, strengthening primary care, providing universal care, pro- viding nonspecialized and specialized health workers, setting up community-based approaches to address mental health issues, and establishing promotion, prevention actions, and also evidence-based treatments (World Health Organization, 2015). In consequence, decreasing the mental health gap includes preventing depression, diagnosing it on time, and providing proper treatment for all ages, genders, races, and contexts around the world, with the involvement of all sectors (Herrman et al., 2022; Votruba & Thornicroft, 2016). Additionally, mental health was included as part of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The third goal stated a 30% reduction of the “pre- mature mortality from non-c ommunicable diseases through prevention, treatment and promotion of mental health and well-being by 2030” (General Assembly, 2015). Depression, as one of the leading noncommunicable diseases, is related to Sustainable Development Goals by both directly affecting mental health and indi- rectly restricting people’s access to education, work, nutrition, and housing, among other negative consequences (Herrman et al., 2022). Depression is a broader term used to designate a group of depressive disorders characterized by a syndrome of depressive mood accompanied by emotional, behav- ioral, and cognitive manifestations (World Health Organization, 2019). The current diagnostic manuals, DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and ICD-11 (World Health Organization, 2019) share common symptoms and signs to identify depressive disorders, that is, if at least two conditions are met, the presence of depressive mood (low mood) or the presence of anhedonia (lack of interest or lack of pleasure in regular activities), plus at least 2 weeks of these manifestations (World Health Organization, 2019). The symptoms have to affect functionality significantly and should not be secondary to a disease or a response to substance use (World Health Organization, 2019). Both manuals recognize single episodes with mild, moderate, and severe manifestations, as well as chronic disorders, recurrent epi- sodes, and suicide risk. Also, the criteria apply to diagnosing depression with mel- ancholia or psychotic symptoms (Herrman et al., 2022) and exclude depression associated with bipolar disorders (World Health Organization, 2019). The average prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is 4.5% (Bromet et al., 2018). MDD is associated with an increased risk of death due to suicide, dis- ability, and harm to the new generations (Herrman et al., 2022; World Health Organization, 2021). It is also associated with difficulties in a full integration into society due to loss of functionality or stigma (Ferrari et al., 2022; The Lancet, 2016). The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 (Ferrari et al., 2022) showed that depressive disorders were among the 25 principal causes of burden for women and men across the lifespan (Vos et al., 2020). They accounted for 37.3 million (32.3–43.0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Depressive disorder’s level of impact did not notoriously change in two decades, remaining the second leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs) (Ferrari et al., 2022; Vos et al., 2020). Despite the efforts to tackle depression, the COVID-19 pandemic directly or indirectly affected the mental health of the population, including an increase in the 1 Introduction 3 incidence of depressive disorders. In 2020, there were additional 53.2 million cases of MDD attributable to COVID-19 (Santomauro et al., 2021). Thus, the estimated prevalence of MDD was 3152.9 cases per 100,000 population, equivalent to 246 mil- lion people. Moreover, 10.7 million DALYs for MDD were estimated globally, with a higher burden for women than men (Santomauro et al., 2021). Depressive disorders affect people of different ages. Depression across the lifes- pan has similarities but also has its features. Among children and adolescents, the disease manuals recognize symptoms like lack of interest in school, grades prob- lems, and risk for self-harm and suicide attempt as substitutions for depressive mood (Rao & Chen, 2009). Suicide is one of the most important causes of death in adolescents (Vos et al., 2020). Depressive disorders were also the first cause of years lived with disability (YLDs) for people 14 years and older (Ferrari et al., 2022). In the case of older adults, depression might manifest with somatic symptoms and pain, lack of interest in social involvement activities, cognitive decline, and a low energy level without feeling sad. In male older adults, anger is a common feature (Blazer, 2003). Among older adults with late-onset depression (first episode after 60 years old), the prevalence of depression is 28%, while the prevalence of MDD is 13%. This last one increases in people 80 years and older (Abdoli et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2022). Depressive disorders are underdiagnosed and undertreated in young and older people (Blazer, 2003; Bromet et al., 2018; Stein & Fazel, 2015). Because of the characteristics of adolescence and older adulthood, people can consider depression signs and symptoms as natural, neglecting a proper diagnosis (Herrman et al., 2022). The barriers identified for the existing gap in mental health services for children and adolescents are associated with both individual factors, such as mental health liter- acy, not verbalizing their need for help, and low adherence to treatment, and social factors like stigma toward mental illness and lack of trust in professionals, espe- cially related to confidentiality. Additionally, structural barriers might be the cost of mental health services and the difficulties of making an appointment with a mental health professional (Werlen et al., 2020). Regarding older adults, the barriers related to mental health services gaps are, for example, the lack of belief in the effective- ness of treatments, the idea that symptoms are normal, fear of medication, the cost of treatments, and transportation difficulties (Wuthrich & Frei, 2015). Across countries, there are individual differences and social-economic factors that make some groups more at risk of developing depression. Black women, with- out a partner, with lower educational levels, lower incomes, and living in low- income countries are at higher risk of negative mental health outcomes, including depression (Allen et al., 2014). In addition, women who have just given birth (within the first 4 weeks) are at increased risk of depression even without a previous history of mental health issues. The postpartum depression prevalence was 17% among women (Shorey et al., 2018). Even though men also experience postpartum depres- sion (PPD), they have a lower risk than women (Wang et al., 2021). The physical and mental health of the mother and her children is impacted by postpartum depres- sion (Dadi et al., 2020).
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