Preventing Sexual Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Overcoming a Rape Culture PDF
Preview Preventing Sexual Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Overcoming a Rape Culture
Preventing Sexual Violence This page intentionally left blank Preventing Sexual Violence Interdisciplinary Approaches to Overcoming a Rape Culture Editedby Nicola Henry SeniorLecturer,LaTrobeUniversity,Australia Anastasia Powell Lecturer,RMITUniversity,Australia Editorialmatter,introductionandselection©NicolaHenryand AnastasiaPowell2014 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-35617-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–1–137–35618–5paperback ISBN 978-1-137-35618-5 ISBN 978-1-137-35619-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137356192 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Preventingsexualviolence:interdisciplinaryapproachestoovercomingarape culture/editedbyNicolaHenry,AnastasiaPowell. pagescm Summary:“Globally,ratesofsexualviolenceremainunacceptablyhigh,with disproportionateeffectsonwomenandgirls.Whilemostscholarsandpractitioners uniformlyconcuraboutthescopeoftheproblem,thereiscurrentlylittleagreement abouthowtopreventsexualviolencebeforeitoccurs.Drawingondiversedisciplinessuch ascriminology,education,healthpromotion,law,psychology,socialwork,socio-legal studies,sociologyandwomen’sstudies,thisbookprovidesthefirstinterdisciplinary collectionontheprimarypreventionofsexualviolence.Thevolumeaddressesthekey causesordeterminantsofsexualviolence,includingculturalattitudes,values,beliefs andnorms,aswellassystemicgender-basedinequalitiesthatcreatetheconditions underlyingmuchviolenceagainstwomen.Includingcontributionsfrominternationally renownedexpertsinthefield,thevolumecriticallyinvestigatesthetheoretical underpinningsofpreventionwork,describingandanalysingthelimitsandpossibilities ofprimarypreventionstrategies‘ontheground’.Thechapterscollectivelyexaminethe rolethatstructuralviolenceandgenderinequalityplayinfosteringa‘culture’of sexualviolence,andreflectontherelationshipbetweenmacroandmicrolevelsfor understandingbothsexualviolenceperpetrationandprevention.Thisbookwillbeakey resourceforscholars,practitionersandpolicymakersinvolvedinthefieldsofsexual violenceprevention,education,law,familyviolence,andchildsexualabuse.Including contributionsfromVictoriaL.Banyard(UniversityofNewHampshire,USA),AlisonCares (AssumptionCollege,USA),MoiraCarmody(UniversityofWesternSydney,Australia), GillianFletcher(LaTrobeUniveristy,Australia),WendyLarcombe(Universityof Melbourne,Australia),ClaireMaxwell(UniversityofLondon,UK),MaryM.Moynihan (UniversityofNewHampshire,USA),BobPease(DeakinUniversity,Australia)andAntonia Quadara(AustralianInstituteofFamilyStudies,Australia).”—Providedbypublisher. ISBN978–1–137–35617–8(hardback)—ISBN978–1–137–35618–5(paperback) 1. Sexcrimes—Prevention. I. Henry,Nicola,editorofcompilation. II. Powell,Anastasia,editorofcompilation. HV6556.P7482014 364.4—dc23 2014022099 Contents ListofTables vii Acknowledgements viii NotesonContributors ix 1 FramingSexualViolencePrevention:WhatDoesItMeanto ChallengeaRapeCulture? 1 AnastasiaPowellandNicolaHenry 2 TheorisingMen’sViolencePreventionPolicies:Limitationsand PossibilitiesofInterventionsinaPatriarchalState 22 BobPease 3 TheEverydaynessofRape:HowUnderstandingSexualAssault PerpetrationCanInformPreventionEfforts 41 AntoniaQuadara 4 LimitsoftheCriminalLawforPreventingSexualViolence 64 WendyLarcombe 5 TheDarkSideoftheVirtualWorld:TowardsaDigitalSexual Ethics 84 NicolaHenryandAnastasiaPowell 6 ThePreventionofSexualViolenceinSchools:DevelopingSome TheoreticalStartingPoints 105 ClaireMaxwell 7 JustHowDoWeCreateChange?:SitesofContradictionandthe ‘BlackBox’ofChangeinPrimaryPrevention 127 GillianFletcher 8 SexualViolencePreventionEducatorTraining:Opportunitiesand Challenges 150 MoiraCarmody 9 TakingStockofBystanderProgrammes:ChangingAttitudesand BehavioursTowardsSexualViolence 170 AlisonC.Cares,MaryM.MoynihanandVictoriaL.Banyard v vi Contents 10 ShiftingUpstream:BystanderActionAgainstSexismand DiscriminationAgainstWomen 189 AnastasiaPowell Index 208 Tables 5.1 Strategiesforpreventingtechnology-facilitatedsexualviolence andharassment 98 10.1 Behavioursviewedas‘ever’acceptable(e.g.,‘rarely’, ‘sometimes’or‘always’) 198 10.2 Hypotheticalself-reportedreactiontowitnessingsexismor discriminationintheworkplace 199 10.3 Hypotheticalself-reportedreactiontowitnessingsexismor discriminationwhensocialisingwithfriends 200 10.4 PercentageoftheVictoriancommunitywhoreported takingaction 201 10.5 Factorsthatfacilitatebystanderactionagainstsexism, harassmentanddiscrimination 203 vii Acknowledgements Bringing together this unique collection on sexual violence prevention has been a thoroughly rewarding and enriching process. Although the origi- nal impetus came from an Australian 2011 colloquium we organised as co-founders of the Violence and Discrimination Against Women Research Network(VDAWnet)(kindlyhostedbyVicHealth),wesoonrealisedtheimpor- tance of a broader, international collection that critically investigates the theoretical frameworks underpinning much primary prevention work on sex- ual violence, as well as the limits and possibilities of prevention programmes and approaches that are happening in practice. As such, our collection brings together internationally renowned scholars in the field who come from a diversearrayofacademicdisciplines.Althoughinterdisciplinarycontributions arearguablymoredifficulttoedit,inthefieldofsexualviolenceprevention,it seemstousthatitwouldbeimprudenttotacklesuchapervasiveandsystemic probleminanyotherway.Wewouldliketothankeachofourauthorsfortheir tremendousworkonthisbook;forrespondingsograciouslytocriticalfeedback onearlierdrafts;andoverall,forprovidingtheknowledgeandexpertisethatwe hope will make this collection a significant contributionto the growing fields ofprimarypreventionandgender-basedviolence. We would like to express our gratitude to Julia Willan and Harriet Barker fromPalgraveMacmillan.BothJuliaandHarriethavebeenaconstantsourceof enthusiasmandgenerositythroughoutthebook’sjourney–wethankthemfor theiradvice,guidanceandsupport.Wearealsoverygratefultotheanonymous reviewerswhoofferedinvaluablesuggestionsforthescopeandcontentofthe book.ThanksalsotoSusieElliottforhermagnificenteditorialassistance. Finally, we would like to thank our families, friends and colleagues for theirlove,supportandencouragement.Inparticular,enormousthankstoour wonderfulpartnersBrentCollettandMatthewWeston. This book is dedicated to our respective ‘boy children’, Frederick and Alexander, and to our (perhaps unrealistic) hope that they will grow up in a worldwhereviolenceandinequalityarenotallowedtoflourish. viii Contributors Editors Nicola Henry is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Legal Studies at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. Her research isfocusedonsexualviolenceandvictimisationdiscourseinbothinternational anddomesticcriminaljusticerealms.HerbookWarandRape:Law,Memoryand Justicewaspublishedin2011.NicolahaspublishedinjournalssuchasViolence AgainstWomen,theInternationalJournalofTransitionalJusticeandSocial&Legal Studies.SheisChiefInvestigatorwithDrAnastasiaPowellonamajorresearch projectontechnology-facilitatedsexualviolenceandharassment. Anastasia Powell is Lecturer in Justice & Legal Studies at RMIT University, Melbourne,Australia.Herresearchhasspecialisedinpolicyandpreventionof violenceagainstwomen.HerpublicationsincludeherresearchmonographSex, Power and Consent: Youth Culture and the Unwritten Rules (2010). Anastasia also contributestoresearchbygovernmentandnon-governmentagenciestoinform policyandpracticeinthepreventionofviolenceagainstwomen. Contributors Victoria L. BanyardisProfessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyattheUni- versity of New Hampshire (UNH), USA, and is also a member of the Justice Studies Program faculty. She is a research consultant with Prevention Innova- tions,aresearchdevelopmentunitatUNHfocusedonresearchandpracticesfor endingviolenceagainstwomen.Shereceivedherdoctorateinclinicalpsychol- ogywithacertificateinWomen’sStudiesfromtheUniversityofMichigan,USA. ShecompletedherpostdoctoralresearchfellowshipattheFamilyResearchLab atUNHandpostdoctoralclinicaltrainingattheTraumaCenterinBoston.She regularly teaches courses on interpersonal violence and community change. Dr Banyard conducts research on the long-term consequences of trauma and interpersonal violence, including factors related to resilience and recovery among survivors. She also has a programme of research on bystander inter- ventionasaframeworkforpreventionofsexualandrelationshipviolence.Her researchalsofocusesonthedevelopmentofevaluationtoolsforunderstanding bystanderattitudesandbehavioursrelatedtosexualandrelationshipviolence, includingwhatmotivatesorinhibitsbystandersfromsteppingintohelp.She ix
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