Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places PDF
Preview Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places
PREVENTING CRIME What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places PREVENTING CRIME ff What Works for Children, O enders, Victims, and Places Edited by Brandon C. Welsh Department of Criminal Justice University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology Cambridge University, UK AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN-101-4020-4243-4(HB)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork ISBN-101-4020-4244-2(e-book)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork ISBN-13978-1-4020-4243-0(HB)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork ISBN-13978-1-4020-4244-7(e-book)SpringerDordrecht,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork PublishedbySpringer POBox17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands Printedonacid-freepaper AllRightsReserved ©2006Springer Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming, recordingorothewise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withthe exceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPGBooks,Bodmin,Cornwall TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword JerryLee vii Preface BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington ix Chapter1.Evidence-BasedCrimePrevention BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington 1 PartI:WhatWorksforChildren Chapter2.EarlyParentTraining OdetteBernazzaniandRichardE.Tremblay 21 Chapter3.ChildSocialSkillsTraining FriedrichLo¨selandAndreasBeelmann 33 PartII:WhatWorksforOffenders Chapter4.Cognitive-BehavioralInterventions MarkW.LipseyandNanaA.Landenberger 57 Chapter5.BootCamps DavidB.WilsonandDorisLaytonMacKenzie 73 Chapter6.ScaredStraightandOtherJuvenileAwarenessPrograms AnthonyPetrosino,CarolynTurpin-Petrosino,andJohnBuehler 87 Chapter7.Incarceration-BasedDrugTreatment OjmarrhMitchell,DorisLaytonMacKenzie,andDavidB.Wilson 103 Chapter8.CostsandBenefitsofSentencing CynthiaMcDougall,MarkA.Cohen,AmandaPerry,andRaymondSwaray 117 PartIII:WhatWorksforVictims Chapter 9. Mandated Batterer Intervention Programs to Reduce DomesticViolence LynetteFederandDavidB.Wilson 131 Table of Contents vi Chapter10.RestorativeJusticetoReduceVictimization HeatherStrangandLawrenceW.Sherman 147 Chapter11.PreventingRepeatResidentialBurglaryVictimization GrahamFarrellandKenPease 161 PartIV:WhatWorksforPlaces Chapter12.PolicingCrimeHotSpots AnthonyA.Braga 179 Chapter13.Closed-CircuitTelevisionSurveillance BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington 193 Chapter14.ImprovedStreetLighting DavidP.FarringtonandBrandonC.Welsh 209 PartV:PolicyChoicesforASaferSociety Chapter 15. Conclusions and Directions from Evidence-Based Crime Prevention BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington 227 Index 239 FOREWORD PreventingCrime:WhatWorksforChildren,OVenders,Victims,andPlacesisthe first book that details the role of the Campbell Collaboration in assessing out- comesincrimeandjustice.IfirstheardabouttheCampbellCollaborationinthe summer of 1999 and immediately decided to be part of this valiant effort to changethewaycrimeandjustice,education,andsocialwelfarewereimplemented around the world. As a longtime champion of research I was impressed by the way the Campbell Collaboration looked at programs and policies. This book representsthefirststepinsettingtheframeworkforhowtogoaboutreinventing crimeandjusticeandgivesagoodexampleforbotheducationandsocialwelfare. Of course, this does not come without challenges. The first challenge is to find outwhatworksthroughhighqualityscientificresearch.Thesecondchallengeis togetpublicofficialstoembracethefindingsandtakeaction. Crimeandjustice,aswellaseducation,havebeensidetrackedbyfads,political expediency, and private agendas. In the United States, welfare to work has becometheexception.Numerousrandomizedcontrolledstudieshavebeencon- ducted that led to major changes in welfare to work, which have proven to be quite effective. And, more importantly, the United States government has acted onthesestudiestomakechangesforthebettermentoftheunderclassofsociety. ThereisanundercurrentinboththeUnitedKingdomandhereintheUnited Statesforusinghighqualityscientificresearchtofindoutwhatworksandwhat doesn’tworkinimplementingsocialpolicy.Anditispickingupsteam. The Jerry Lee Foundation is dedicated to solving the problems of the inner cities.Theproblemsofcrime,lackofeducation,andsocialwelfare(jobs)arethe mission of the Jerry Lee Foundation. I believe that governments around the world have enough money and resources to solve most of society’s problems, if only we would invest in scientific research to find out what works. This would allowustobettertargetourresourcesonwhatworksandquitspendingmoney onwhatdoesn’twork. I for one am very optimistic that within 20 years time, high quality scientific research will be the rule rather than the exception in determining public policy. Thisbook,whichbringstogethertheleadingresearchersinevidence-basedcrimi- nologyandpublicpolicy,representsanimportantstepforwardtowardsthisaim. JerryLee President JerryLeeFoundation BoardMember CampbellCollaboration BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington,eds. PreventingCrime:WhatWorksforChildren,OVenders,Victims,andPlaces,vii ©2006Springer.PrintedinGreatBritain. PREFACE Asthetitleindicates,themainaimofthisbookistoadvanceknowledgeonwhat workstopreventcrime.Itbringstogetherleadingevidence-basedresearchonthe effectsoncrimeofawiderangeofinterventionsthathavebeenorganizedaround fourkeydomainsincriminologyandcriminaljustice:at-riskchildren,offenders, victims, and places. Importantly, policy implications of the effects of these differentinterventionsarealsoexplored.Anotherkeyaimofthisbookistomake thefieldofevidence-basedcrimeprevention,alongwiththemethodofsystematic review,knowntoamuchwideraudience.Thisincludesstudents,policymakersat thelocal,state,andfederallevels,andscholarsandresearchers.Theyallsharean interest in the study of crime prevention and come from a wide range of disci- plines,includingcriminologyandcriminaljustice,sociology,psychology,psychi- atry,publichealth,mentalhealth,socialwork,economics,andeducation. Weviewtheseaimsasindispensabletogetmoreofwhatworksbestinprevent- ingcrimeintopolicyandpracticeatthelocallevel.Indeed,itwaswiththeseaims inmindthatanexcitingpartnershipwasbornandthisprojectwaslaunched.In 2000, the newly formed Campbell Collaboration, named after the influential experimentalpsychologistDonaldT.Campbell,establisheditsCrimeandJustice SteeringCommittee(CJSC)tooverseethepreparation,maintenance,anddissem- ination of systematic reviews of the highest quality research on the effects of criminologicalinterventions.Workbeganrightawayandwithinacoupleofyears the first wave of reviews was nearing completion. The 13 topics reported here represent only a start; reviews of many other topics are underway and planned forthefuture. During this timethe CJSC was fortunate tohave in attendance atsome of its meetings a representative of Springer Publishing. This was the beginning of a partnership between a group who wished to inform a wide audience about the importance of using scientific evidence and results about what works to inform crimepolicy (theCJSC)and aleadinginternational publishingcompany whois also interested in contributing to more effective crime policy and has the means to reach this wider audience (Springer Publishing). The product of this happy collaborationisthisbook,PreventingCrime:WhatWorksforChildren,OVenders, Victims,andPlaces. Thisbook isorganized intofive sections.Preceding thesesections isan intro- ductory chapter that sets the stage for this volume, by describing evaluation research designs and summarizing different review methods for assessing the accumulated evidence of the effects of types of crime prevention programs. The firstsectioncomprisestwochaptersthatlookatwhatworksininterveninginthe BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington,eds. PreventingCrime:WhatWorksforChildren,OVenders,Victims,andPlaces,ix–x ©2006Springer.PrintedinGreatBritain. Preface x livesofchildrenwhoareat-riskfordelinquencyandlatercriminaloffending.The second section comprises five chapters that examine what works in preventing offendersfromcommittingfurtheroffensesinthecommunity.Inthethirdsection there are three chapters that address what works for victims of crime. Section fourincludesthreechaptersthatdescribewhatworksinpreventingcrimeathigh- crimeplacesorareasathighriskforcriminalactivity.Thefinalsectionincludes onechapterthatsummarizesthemainconclusionsaboutwhatworksforat-risk children, offenders, victims, and places, and identifies future directions for research and policy development to advance evidence-based crime prevention andcontributetoasafersociety. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was surely a team effort. We wish to thank the members of the Campbell Crime and Justice Group, who supported this project from its inception and remained enthusiastic throughout. We are particularly grateful to Lawrence Sherman and Jerry Lee for their far-sighted support of the Campbell venture. The contributors to this volume are especially deserving of our thanks forproducinghighqualityreviewsofresearchandwritinginaclearandintelligi- ble way for a broad readership. Finally, we are grateful to our brilliant editor WelmoedSpahrandtheSpringerPublishingteamwhomadethisprojectareality aswellasanenjoyableexperiencealongtheway. BrandonC.Welsh DavidP.Farrington CHAPTER 1 EVIDENCE-BASED CRIME PREVENTION* BrandonC.Welsh UniversityofMassachusettsLowell DavidP.Farrington CambridgeUniversity INTRODUCTION Crime prevention should be rational and based on the best possible evidence. Onewouldexpectthatdecision-makerswouldtakecarefulaccountofanyavail- ableevidenceonwhatworks.Howcanaprogramthathasproducednodiscern- able evidence of effectiveness, as shown through numerous evaluations, be considered for implementation? Unfortunately, this happens all the time. Consider the short-lived revival of the prison deterrence program known as Scared Straight despite past evaluations that showed that it had failed to deter juveniledelinquentsfromfuturecriminalactivity(FinckenauerandGavin,1999; Petrosino et al., 2000). Consider also the long-standing school-based substance abuse prevention program known as DARE (Drug Abuse and Resistance Education) for which the accumulated evidence shows that it has a trivial effect on substance use and crime (Gottfredson et al., 2002; U.S. General Accounting Office,2003).Manyotherexamplesexistinthiscountryandelsewhere. There are many considerations involved in selecting and implementing new crimepreventionprograms(aswellasinexpandingeffectiveprogramsorputting an end to ineffective or harmful ones). For example, there may be different government priorities, such as military defense spending, environmental protec- tion, or prescription drug benefits for seniors, which are competing for scarce publicresources.Nationalpollsmayshowthatthepublicismoreconcernedwith public policy issues other than crime prevention. Other political considerations include the worry by politicians that they may be perceived as soft on crime by supportingnon-criminaljusticecrimepreventionefforts(seeGest,2001),aswell as the short time horizons of politicians (Tonry and Farrington, 1995b), which makesprogramsthatshowresultsonlyinthelongertermlessappealingtothose whoaretryingtogetelectedeveryfewyears.Regrettably,itseemsthatevidence * WethankJerryLeeandJonBaronforhelpfulcommentsonanearlierdraftofthischapter. BrandonC.WelshandDavidP.Farrington,eds. PreventingCrime:WhatWorksforChildren,OVenders,Victims,andPlaces,1–17 ©2006Springer.PrintedinGreatBritain. Chapter 1 2 of what works best is rarely a factor in implementing new crime prevention programs.Politicalandpolicyconsiderationsoftendominate. Evidence-basedcrimepreventionattemptstoavoidthesemistakesbyensuring that the best available evidence is considered in any decision to implement a program designed to prevent crime. As noted by Petrosino (2000:635), ‘‘An evi- dence-based approach requires that the results of rigorous evaluation be ratio- nally integrated into decisions about interventions by policymakers and practitionersalike.’’ This is an approach that has garnered much support in medicine (Halladay andBero,2000;Millenson,1997).Buteveninmedicine,adisciplinenotedforits adherenceto scientificprinciples andhigh educationalrequirements, mostprac- tice is ‘‘shaped by local custom, opinions, theories, and subjective impressions’’ (Sherman,1998:6).Ofcourse,makingavailablescientificevidenceonwhatworks best to policymakers and practitioners (regardless of the discipline) and having themputitintopracticearetwoentirelydifferentthings. Support for evidence-based crime prevention is growing (see Welsh and Farrington,2001).Thisgrowthhasbeenfosteredbyanumberofrecentdevelop- ments,includingamovementtowardanevidence-basedapproachinotherdisci- plines,suchasmedicine(Millenson,1997)andeducation(MostellerandBoruch, 2002); large-scale, government- and foundation-sponsored reviews of ‘‘what works’’ in crime prevention (Goldblatt and Lewis, 1998; Sherman et al., 1997; 2002;TonryandFarrington,1995a);and,mostrecently,theestablishmentofthe Campbell Collaboration and its Crime and Justice Group (Farrington and Petrosino,2000;2001;Farringtonetal.,2001).Thisbookmarksafurtherinstall- mentinaninternationalmovementtoadvanceevidence-basedcrimeprevention research,policy,andpractice. Thischapterdescribesevaluationresearchdesignsforassessingeffectsofcrime preventionprograms,summarizesdifferentreviewmethodsforassessingaccumu- latedevidenceoftheeffectsoftypesofcrimepreventionprograms,reportsonthe development and activities of the Campbell Collaboration and its Crime and JusticeGroup,andpresentstheaimsandorganizationofthisbook. EVALUATIONRESEARCH Whencanwehaveconfidencethatthereportedconclusionsofanevaluationofa crime prevention program – whether they suggest that it is effective, ineffective, or,worseyet,harmful–arevalid?Thisisacentralquestionforanevidence-based approachtopreventingcrime. HighQualityEvaluations Itissurelystatingtheobvioustosaythatnotallevaluationsofcrimeprevention programsareequallyvalid.Themethodologicalqualityofevaluationscanindeed varygreatly.AccordingtoCookandCampbell(1979)andShadishetal.(2002), methodological quality depends on four criteria: statistical conclusion validity,
The list of books you might like
