prevent oil pollution in the arctic marine environment from offshore petroleum activities

269 Pages·2017·6.77 MB·English

OVERVIEW OF MEASURES SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO
PREVENT OIL POLLUTION IN THE
ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM
OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ACTIVITIES
Overview of measures specifically designed to prevent oil pollution in the
Arctic marine environment from offshore petroleum activities
ISBN 978-82-93600-21-3 (digital, PDF, A4 size)
©Arctic Council Secretariat, 2017
This report is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of the license,
visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Suggested citation
EPPR, 2017, Overview of measures specifically designed to prevent oil
pollution in the Arctic marine environment from offshore petroleum
activities. 266 pp.
Authors
Karianne Haver (Proactima)
Ove Tobias Gudmestad (University of Stavanger)
Lene Bjørnsen (Proactima)
Espen Hoell (Proactima)
Hermann S. Wiencke (Proactima)
Trond Sagerup (Aker Solutions)
Tor Johansen (Aker Solutions)
Published by
Arctic Council Secretariat
This report is available as an electronic document from the Arctic
Council’s open access repository: oaarchive.arctic-council.org
Cover photograph
Image: iStock
Proactima Stavanger Proactima Oslo Proactima Bergen Proactima Trondheim
Postboks 8034 Postboks 2369 Solli Kong Christian Fredriks plass 3 Abelsgate 5
4068 Stavanger 0201 Oslo BI-bygget, 5006 Bergen 7030 Trondheim
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t: [phone] – f: [phone] – org. no. 915 641 938 – [email protected] – proactima.com

REPORT Petroleum Safety Authority Norway
(on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs)
Overview of measures specifically designed
to prevent oil pollution in the Arctic marine
environment from offshore petroleum
activities
Arctic Council, Task Force On Pollution Prevention (TFOPP)

Table of contents
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Purpose .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Scope of work .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Reference list ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Follow-up of this work ............................................................................................................. 9
2 Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 10
3 Method description ............................................................................................................. 11
4 Arctic regions and specific conditions ................................................................................... 13
4.1 Arctic and cold climate regions ............................................................................................. 13
4.2 Specific conditions for the Arctic regions .............................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Daylight .................................................................................................................................. 15
4.2.2 Visibility ................................................................................................................................. 15
4.2.3 Temperature .......................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.4 Icing ....................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.5 Wind and wind chill ............................................................................................................... 16
4.2.6 Precipitation and snow .......................................................................................................... 16
4.2.7 Polar lows .............................................................................................................................. 16
4.2.8 Water depths ......................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.9 Waves .................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.10 Ocean currents .............................................................................................................. 17
4.2.11 Sea ice and icebergs ...................................................................................................... 17
4.2.12 Seabed conditions ......................................................................................................... 17
4.2.13 Distance ......................................................................................................................... 18
5 Concepts for Arctic offshore petroleum activities ................................................................. 19
5.1 Stages in offshore petroleum exploration and development ............................................... 19
5.2 Relevant exploration and development concepts ................................................................ 19
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5.2.1 Fixed structures ..................................................................................................................... 20
5.2.2 Floating structures ................................................................................................................. 20
5.2.3 Subsea structures .................................................................................................................. 21
5.2.4 Extended reach wells from shore .......................................................................................... 21
5.3 Undesirable events ................................................................................................................ 21
6 Overview of main sources for relevant information .............................................................. 23
6.1 Response from the baseline survey ...................................................................................... 23
6.2 Conference papers ................................................................................................................ 24
6.3 National Petroleum Council (NPC) Arctic Potential Report................................................... 25
6.4 The Russian – Norwegian Oil & Gas industry cooperation in the High North ....................... 26
6.5 Barents 2020 ......................................................................................................................... 27
6.6 Recommended literature ...................................................................................................... 27
7 Technological and operational measures to prevent oil pollution .......................................... 28
7.1 Metocean and ice conditions ................................................................................................ 29
7.1.1 Weather forecasting .............................................................................................................. 33
7.1.2 Technology for metocean data collection ............................................................................. 34
7.2 Ice management .................................................................................................................... 34
7.2.1 Ice forecasting, detection and monitoring ............................................................................ 35
7.2.2 Station-keeping in ice ............................................................................................................ 39
7.2.3 Physical ice management ...................................................................................................... 42
7.2.4 Disconnection ........................................................................................................................ 44
7.3 Drilling technology, well integrity and well control .............................................................. 45
7.3.1 Drilling technology and well integrity ................................................................................... 46
7.3.2 Well control ........................................................................................................................... 48
7.4 Pipelines and subsea structures ............................................................................................ 52
7.4.1 Pipeline and subsea structure integrity................................................................................. 52
7.4.2 Pipeline integrity monitoring and leak detection.................................................................. 56
7.5 Facility design ........................................................................................................................ 56
7.5.1 Ice loads ................................................................................................................................. 58
7.5.2 Ice model testing ................................................................................................................... 63
7.5.3 Material selection .................................................................................................................. 64
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7.5.4 Winterization ......................................................................................................................... 65
7.6 Loading and offloading .......................................................................................................... 66
7.7 Communication solutions ...................................................................................................... 68
7.8 Human resources and competence ...................................................................................... 71
7.9 Management ......................................................................................................................... 71
7.10 Oil spill detection ................................................................................................................... 71
7.11 Development of new concepts for exploration and production activities ........................... 75
7.11.1 Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) ........................................................................ 75
7.11.2 Drilling of exploration and production wells from land ................................................ 76
7.11.3 Seabed drilling rigs ........................................................................................................ 76
7.11.4 Subsea production systems ........................................................................................... 77
7.11.5 Floating production units .............................................................................................. 78
7.11.6 Support vessels for inspection and maintenance activities .......................................... 79
8 Standards and guidelines ..................................................................................................... 81
8.1 International standards ......................................................................................................... 81
8.1.1 International Standardization Organization (ISO) ................................................................. 82
8.1.1.1 ISO 19906:2010 Arctic offshore structures (under revision) ......................................... 82
8.1.1.2 ISO TC67 SC8 Arctic operation standards (under development) .................................. 82
8.1.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO) .......................................................................... 83
8.1.2.1 Polar Code ..................................................................................................................... 83
8.1.2.2 MODU Code ................................................................................................................... 83
8.1.2.3 Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters ............................................................. 83
8.2 Arctic Council ......................................................................................................................... 84
8.3 National standards ................................................................................................................ 84
8.3.1 American Petroleum Institute (API) ...................................................................................... 84
8.3.2 Canadian standards ............................................................................................................... 85
8.3.3 Russian standards .................................................................................................................. 85
8.3.4 Norwegian standards ............................................................................................................ 86
8.4 Classification societies ........................................................................................................... 86
8.4.1 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) ...................................................................................... 86
8.4.2 Bureau Veritas ....................................................................................................................... 87
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8.4.3 DNV GL .................................................................................................................................. 88
8.4.4 Lloyd’s Register ...................................................................................................................... 89
9 R&D centres, forums, portals, projects and programs ........................................................... 90
9.1 ABS’ Harsh Environment Technology Center (HETC) ............................................................ 90
9.2 Arctic center for unmanned aircraft (ASUF) .......................................................................... 90
9.3 ARCtic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx) ................................................................................. 90
9.4 Arctic Info – Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of development of the Arctic .... 91
9.5 Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS) ........................................................ 91
9.6 Barents Sea Exploration and Cooperation (BaSEC) ............................................................... 92
9.7 BarentsObserver .................................................................................................................... 92
9.8 BarentsWatch ........................................................................................................................ 92
9.9 Centre for Arctic Resource Development (CARD) ................................................................. 93
9.10 Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations (CIRFA) ....... 93
9.11 Chevron's Arctic Center ......................................................................................................... 93
9.12 ColdTech – Sustainable Arctic Technology ............................................................................ 94
9.13 DrillWell – Drilling and Well Centre for Improved Recovery ................................................. 94
9.14 High North HSE challenges project by the Norwegian oil and gas association ..................... 94
9.15 INTSOK ................................................................................................................................... 95
9.16 Lloyd's Register applied technology group; polar technologies ............................................ 95
9.17 LOOKNorth ............................................................................................................................ 96
9.18 Maritime Surveillance in the Northern Sea Basins (MARSUNO) ........................................... 96
9.19 NRC’s Arctic program ............................................................................................................ 96
9.20 Petro Arctic ............................................................................................................................ 97
9.21 Petroleum Research Newfoundland & Labrador (PRNL) ...................................................... 97
9.22 Polar View .............................................................................................................................. 97
9.23 Shell Ice and Weather Advisory Center (SIWAC) ................................................................... 97
9.24 Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology (SAMCoT) ............................................. 98
10 Conclusions and recommendations for further work............................................................. 99
11 References ......................................................................................................................... 104
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Appendix 1 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 117
Appendix 2 Cover letter .................................................................................................................. 123
Appendix 3 Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. 124
Appendix 4 Overview of respondents to the baseline survey ........................................................ 126
Appendix 5 Technology implemented in Arctic areas .................................................................... 129
Appendix 6 Undesirable events ...................................................................................................... 177
Appendix 7 Catalogue overview of measures identified ................................................................ 180

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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The Task Force on Arctic Marine Oil Pollution Prevention (TFOPP), which was established by the Kiruna
Ministerial Meeting in 2013 and delivered its recommendations to the Iqaluit Ministerial Meeting in 2015,
identified an action to develop an overview of the existing and potential technical and operational safety
measures specifically designed to prevent oil pollution in the Arctic marine environment due to offshore
petroleum activities.
The main tasks of the TFOPP were to identify how best the Arctic Council can contribute to marine oil
pollution prevention in the Arctic, to recommend a concrete plan of action, and, as appropriate, to develop
cooperative arrangements to implement the action plan. The TFOPP held its inaugural meeting in Oslo,
Norway in January 2014. It delivered its recommendations to the Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in
Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada in April 2015. Norway and Russia were co-chairing the Task Force.
This report was prepared by Proactima for the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) acting on
behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The development of the report has been financed by
the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The final report will be delivered to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs for further processing with regard to the Arctic Council.
1.2 Purpose
Regulators and the industry have regularly initiated research and development projects to explore
operational and technical solutions that could contribute to safe Arctic oil and gas operations. There is,
however, not produced an overview and status of the various initiatives. The purpose of this report is to
establish a comprehensive overview of what is carried out and which activities are in progress, in order to
demonstrate the present level of knowledge and to help avoid duplication.
1.3 Scope of work
The scope of work is to establish an overview of what has been done and what activities are in progress
regarding technical and operational measures, specifically designed to prevent or contain the escape of
fluids into the marine environment from offshore petroleum activities in Arctic and cold climate regions.
The scope includes, but is not limited to, exploration and development concepts, drilling and well
technology, including capping and containment technology, production systems, riser and pipeline
technology, loading and offloading systems, metocean and ice data, ice surveillance and ice management.
The topics, that have been mapped, include technology, research and development (R&D) activities,
standards and guidelines, in addition to R&D centres, forums, portals, projects and programs. Established,
ongoing and proposed new activities have been mapped. Relevant overviews already produced have been
taken into account.
1.4 Limitations
Focus areas
The focus of the project has been on measures and issues that are specific for offshore petroleum activities
in the Arctic and cold climate regions.
In this report risk reducing measures intended to reduce the probability of incidents leading to the release
of hydrocarbons have had priority over consequence reducing measures.
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