Pressure Vessels Field Manual. Common Operating Problems and Practical Solutions PDF
Preview Pressure Vessels Field Manual. Common Operating Problems and Practical Solutions
Pressure Vessels Field Manual Common Operating Problems and Practical Solutions Maurice Stewart Oran T. Lewis AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO GulfProfessionalPublishingisanImprintofElsevier GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK (cid:1)2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher'spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Stewart,Maurice. Pressurevesselsfieldmanual:commonoperatingproblemsandpracticalsolutions/MauriceStewartand OranT.Lewis. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978-0-12-397015-2 1.Pressurevessels–Maintenanceandrepair–Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Pressurevessels–Maintenance andrepair–Standards–UnitedStates–Handbooks,manuals,etc.3.Pressurevessels–Inspection–Handbooks, manuals,etc.4.Pressurevessels–Inspection–UnitedStates–Handbooks,manuals,etc.5.Boilers–Maintenance andrepair–Handbooks,manuals,etc.6.Boilers–Maintenanceandrepair–Standards–UnitedStates– Handbooks,manuals,etc.7.Boilers–Inspection–Handbooks,manuals,etc.8.Boilers–Inspection–United States–Handbooks,manuals,etc.9.ASMEboiler&pressurevesselcode.I.Lewis,OranT.II.Title. TS283.S742012 681'.76041–dc23 2012026721 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ForinformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com 0910 11 12 10987654321 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1 History and Organization of Codes < OVERVIEW This chapter discusses the following topics: Use of pressure vessels and equipment History of pressure vessel codes in the United States Organization of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Updating and interpreting the code ASME Code stamps Organization of the American National Standards Associ- ation (ANSI)/ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping Some other pressure vessel codes and standards in the United States Worldwide pressure vessel codes ASMECode,SectionVIII,Division1versusDivision2and Division 3 Design criteria, ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Design Criteria, ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2 Welding criteria, ASME Code, Section IX ASME Code, Section I, Power Boilers Additional requirements employed by users in critical services < USE OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND EQUIPMENT Processvesselsareusedatallstagesofprocessingoilandgas Initial separation Processing, conditioning, and treating Storage Pressure vessels are made in all sizes and shapes PressureVesselsFieldManual:CommonOperatingProblemsand PracticalSolutionse(cid:1)2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1 2 PRESSUREVESSELSFIELD MANUAL Less than an inch and greater than 150 feet in diameter Buried in the ground or deep in the ocean Most are positioned on the ground or supported on platforms Internal pressures Less than 1 inch water gauge pressure or greater than 300,000 psi Normalrangeformonoblockconstructionisbetween15 to 5000 psi ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Specifies a minimum internal pressure from 15 psi May require special design requirements at internal pressures above 3000 psi Anypressurevesselthatmeetsalltherequirementsofthe ASME Code, regardless of the internal or external designpressure,maystillbeacceptedbytheauthorized inspector and stamped by the manufacturer with the ASME Code symbol American Petroleum Institute (API) storage tanks May be designed for and contain no more internal pres- sure than that generated by the static head of fluid contained in the tank < HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL CODES IN THE UNITED STATES Inthelate1800sandearly1900s,explosionsinboilersand pressure vessels were frequent Firetube boiler explosion on the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boatsinkingwithin20minutesandkilling1500people Firetube boiler explosion in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, in1905killed58,injured117,anddid $400,000 in property damage · Chapter1 Historyand Organization ofCodes 3 Another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massa- chusetts, in 1906 resulted in death, injury, and exten- sive property damage Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules First set of rules approved in 1907 The code was three pages long! In 1911, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Committee was established to perform the following functions: Formulate minimum rules for the construction of boilers Interpret the rules when requested Develop revisions and additional rules as needed In 1915, the first ASME Boiler Code was issued: Titled “Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition” Beginning of the various sections of the code, which ultimately became Section I, “Power Boilers” In 1925, the first ASME Code of Pressure Vessels was issued: Titled “Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels,” Section VIII Appliedtovesselsover6inchesindiameter,volumeover 1.5 ft3, and pressure over 30 psi In 1931, a joint API-ASME committee was formed to developanunfiredpressurevesselcodeforthepetroleum industry In 1934, the first pressure vessel code for the petroleum industry was issued, and for the next 17 years, two separate unfired pressure vessel codes existed In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one, titled “ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code,” Section VIII In 1968, the original code became Section VIII, Division 1, “Pressure Vessels,” and another part was issued, which 4 PRESSUREVESSELSFIELD MANUAL was Section VIII, Division 2, “Alternate Rules for Pres- sure Vessels” ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the ASME with the approval by the ANSI as an ANSI/ ASME document ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code has been established as the set of legal requirements in many countries of the world Most pipingsystems arebuilt to theANSI/ASMECodefor Pressure Piping B31; there are a number of different piping code sections for different types of systems Section I uses B31.1 Section VIII uses B31.3 < ORGANIZATION OF THE ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into Sections Divisions Parts Subparts Some of these sections relate to A specific kind of equipment and application Specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment Care and inspection of installed equipment Atthepresenttime,thecodeincludesthefollowingsections. Section I: Power Boilers This section provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric, and miniature boilers; · Chapter1 Historyand Organization ofCodes 5 high-temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in locomotive, portable, and trac- tion service. Rules pertaining to the use of the V, A, M, PP, S, and E Code symbol stamps are also included. The rules are applicable to boilers in which steam or other vapor is generated at a pressure exceeding 15 psig and high- temperature water boilers intended for operation at pres- suresexceeding160psigortemperaturesexceeding250oF. Superheaters, economizers, and other pressure parts connected directly to the boiler without intervening valves are considered as part of the scope of Section 1. This section is briefly reviewed in this text. Section II: Materials Part A: Ferrous Materials Specifications This part is a service book to the other code sections, providing material specifications for ferrous materials adequateforsafetyinthefieldofpressureequipment.These specifications contain requirements and mechanical prop- erties, test specimens, and methods of testing. They are designated by SA numbers and are derived from American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) “A” specifications. Part B: Nonferrous Material Specifications This part is a service book to the other code sections, providing material specifications for nonferrous materials adequateforsafetyinthefieldofpressureequipment.These specifications contain requirements for heat treatment, manufacture, chemical composition, heat and product analyses, mechanical test requirements and mechanical properties,testspecimens,andmethodsoftesting.Theyare 6 PRESSUREVESSELSFIELD MANUAL designatedbySBnumbersandarederivedfromASTM“B” specifications. Part C: Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals This is a service book to the other code sections, providing material specifications for the manufacture, acceptability, chemical composition, mechanical usability, surfacing, testing requirements and procedures, operating character- istics, and intended uses for welding rods, electrodes, and filler metals. These specifications are designed by SFA numbers and are derived from American Welding Society (ANS) specifications. Section III: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components Thissectionprovidesrequirementsforthematerials,design, fabrication, examination, testing, inspection, installation, certification, stamping, and overpressure protection of nuclear power plant components and component and piping supports. Components include metal vessels and systems, pumps, valves, and core support structures. The components and supports covered by this section are intended to be installed in a nuclear power system that produces and controls the output of thermal energy from nuclear fuel and those associated systems essential to the functions and overall safety of the nuclear power system. This section also provides requirements for (1) containmentsystemsandtransportpackagingforspentfuel and high-level radioactive waste and (2) concrete reactor vessels and containments. Section IV: Heating Boilers This section provides requirements for design, fabrication, installation,andinspectionofsteamgeneratingboilersand · Chapter1 Historyand Organization ofCodes 7 hotwaterboilers intendedforlow-pressureservice thatare directly fired by oil, gas, electricity, or coal. It contains appendices that cover approval of new material, methods of checking safety valve and safety relief valve capacity, examples of methods of checking safety valve and safety relief valve capacity, examples of methods of calculation and computation, definitions relating to boiler design and welding and quality control systems. Rules pertaining to use of the H, HV, and HLW Code symbol stamps are also included. Section V: Nondestructive Examination This section contains requirements and methods for nondestructiveexaminationthatarerequiredbyothercode sections. It also includes manufacturer’s examination responsibilities, duties of authorized inspectors, and requirementsforqualificationofpersonnel,inspection,and examination. Examinationmethodsareintendedtodetectsurfaceand internal discontinuities in materials, welds, and fabrication parts and components. A glossary of related terms is included. Section VI: Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers This section covers general descriptions, terminology, and operationapplicabletosteelandcastironboilerslimitedto the operating ranges of Section IV: Heating Boilers. It includes guidelines for associated controls and automatic fuel-burning equipment. 8 PRESSUREVESSELSFIELD MANUAL SectionVII: RecommendedGuidelinesfortheCareofPowerBoilers The purpose of these guidelines is to promote safety in the use of stationary, portable, and traction type heating boilers. This section provides such guidelines to assist operators of power boilers in maintaining their plants. Emphasis has been placed on individual-type boilers because of their extensive use. Section VIII Division 1: Pressure Vessels This division of Section VIII provides requirements appli- cable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig. Such pressure vessels may be fired or unfired. Specific requirements apply to several classes of material used in pressure vessel construction and also to fabrication methods such as welding, forging, and brazing. It contains mandatory and nonmandatory appendices detailing supplementary design criteria, nondestructive examination, and inspection acceptance standards. Rules pertaining to the use of the U, UM, and UV Code symbol stamps are also included. Division 2: Alternate Rules This division of Section VIII provides requirements appli- cable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal orexternalpressuresexceeding15psig.Suchvesselsmaybe fired or unfired. This pressure may be obtained from an external source or by the application of heat from a direct source, an indirect source, or any combination thereof.
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