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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS SERIES EDITOR: GIANLUCA PASSARELLI Presidents, Unified Government and Legislative Control Edited by Jung-Hsinag Tsai Palgrave Studies in Presidential Politics Series Editor Gianluca Passarelli, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Palgrave Studies in Presidential Politics publishes books on all aspects of presidential politics. We welcome proposals for monographs, edited volumes and Pivots on topics such as: (cid:129) Contemporary presidencies and presidential powers (cid:129) Presidential elections and presidential party politics (cid:129) Presidential relations with the legislature (cid:129) The media and presidential communication (cid:129) The administrative presidency and presidential advisers (cid:129) The history of presidential offices and presidential biographies The series focuses on presidents throughout the world, including both directlyelectedandindirectlyelectedpresidents,bothsingle-countryand comparative studies of presidential politics. It also includes volumes on conceptual or theoretical aspects, such as how to measure presidential power. Moreover, the series considers book projects on the reform of presidential politics, e.g. the reform of presidential elections. For further information on the series and to submit a proposal for consideration, please get in touch with: (cid:129) Commissioning Editor Ambra Finotello ambra.finotello@palgrave. com (cid:129) Series Editor Gianluca Passarelli [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15600 Jung-Hsinag Tsai Editor Presidents, Unified Government and Legislative Control Editor Jung-Hsinag Tsai Department of Political Science National Chung Cheng University Chiayi, Taiwan Palgrave Studies in Presidential Politics ISBN 978-3-030-67524-0 ISBN 978-3-030-67525-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67525-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreefor general use. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinforma- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmaps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: © White House Photo/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments Editing a book is a daunting challenge since it needs to coordinate the contributorsofdifferentchaptersononehandandtoapplytheanalytical framework to all the selected countries or cases on the other hand. As an editor,IamdeeplyindebtedtoProfessorRobertElgie.Ihadachanceto traveltoIrelandtodiscussthebookprojectwithProfessorElgiein2018. Without his encouragement and thoughtful ideas, this work would not have been possible to be published. Unfortunately, Professor Elgie could not make it to see this book published. His untimely passing is such a great loss to the field of political science. Professor Robert Elgie has been a bellwether of the study of semi- presidentialism and presidential powers. Professor Elgie is very prolific and outstanding. He has published 16 books, 50 academic articles, and 40 book chapters, etc. Since the French jurist and political scien- tist, Maurice Duverger spearheaded the study of semi-presidentialism in Western Europe, Professor Elgie has carried forward the global explo- ration of semi-presidential countries and to the focus of presidential power. Semi-presidentialism has been adopted by one-third of countries in the world, forming a tripartite distribution of the constitutional types with presidentialism and parliamentarism in the constitutional universe. The enactment of presidential powers is the linchpin of semi-presidential systemsorpresidentialsystems.ProfessorElgieunremittinglydevotedhis life to focus on these two important political topics. The main purpose v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of this book is to memorialize Professor Robert Elgie and his academic legacy. My greatest thanks go to the contributors of this book for applying the contextualized factors to explicate how some presidents fail to legis- late even though their party has a majority in the legislature, and to clarify the challenges facing a president in leading the legislature in semi- presidentialorpresidentialcountries.Iwouldalsoliketothanktheeditor of Palgrave Studies in Presidential Politics, Professor Gianluca Passarelli and Ambra Finotello from Palgrave. Without their endeavors, I could not go so far as to get the book published. Finally, I am very grateful to my colleagues of Semi-presidentialism Study Group in Taiwan and would like to especially thank Professor Yu-Shan Wu, Professor Jih-Wen Lin, Professor Hong-Ming Chen, Professor Yu-Chung Shen, Professor Chun-HaoChang,ProfessorTzu-ChiaoSu,ProfessorPei-ChihHao,and Professor Feng-Yu Lee. I owe enormous gratitude to their discussions in the annual meetings of Semi-presidentialism and Democracy. My family has been very supportiveof my job and this book is dedicated to them as well. Contents 1 Presidents, Unified Government, and Legislative Control 1 Jung-Hsinag Tsai 2 A Gently Slopped Leadership: Parliamentary Support for Presidents in France 31 Damien Lecomte and Olivier Rozenberg 3 Power Scope and Party Disunity of Semi-Presidentialism in Taiwan: The Perspective of Political Participation of Elites and the Masses 67 Yu-Chung Shen and Jung-Hsinag Tsai 4 President and Congress in the Period of Unified Government in America 91 Jung-Hsinag Tsai 5 Political Institutions, Democratization, and Incumbent Party Cohesion Under Unified and Partial Unified Governments in Mexico 115 Yen-Pin Su and Fabricio A. Fonseca 6 Consensual Decision-Making and No Rebels: Presidentialism in Indonesia 145 Patrick Ziegenhain vii viii CONTENTS 7 Presidents, Unified Government, and Legislative Control: What Have We Learned? 163 Jung-Hsinag Tsai Index 179 Notes on Contributors Fabricio A. Fonseca is Assistant Professor at the Graduate Institute of Latin American Studies, Tamkang University, Taiwan. Damien Lecomte isaPh.D.studentattheUniversityofParisI,France. Olivier Rozenberg is Associate Professor in the Center of European Studies and Comparative Politics at Sciences Po, France. Yu-Chung Shen is Professor of Political Science at Tunghai University, Taiwan. Yen-Pin Su isAssociateProfessorattheDepartmentofPoliticalScience, National Chengchi University, Taiwan. Jung-Hsinag Tsai is Professor at the Department of Political Science, National Chung Cheng University. Patrick Ziegenhain isAssociateProfessorattheDepartmentofInterna- tional Relations, President University, Cikarang, Indonesia. ix