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Presidents, Assemblies and Policy-making in Asia PDF

221 Pages·2013·0.93 MB·English
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Presidents, Assemblies and Policy-making in Asia This page intentionally left blank Presidents, Assemblies and Policy-making in Asia Edited by Yuko Kasuya Professor, Keio University, Japan Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Yuko Kasuya 2013 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-27726-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44704-6 ISBN 978-1-137-31508-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137315083 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents Figures vi Tables vii Acknowledgements ix Contributors x 1 Introduction 1 Yuko Kasuya 2 A Framework for Analysing Presidential–Legislative Relations in Asia 10 Yuko Kasuya 3 Presidentialism in Korea: A Strong President and a Weak Government 40 Yuki Asaba 4 Afghanistan’s Strong President and Weak Parties 59 Yuko Kasuya with John Kendall 5 Trading Compromises: Interaction of Powers in the Philippine Presidential System 89 Takeshi Kawanaka 6 Presidential Strength and Party Leadership in Taiwan 107 Mitsutoyo Matsumoto 7 Strong President and Vulnerable Political System in Sri Lanka 134 Hiroki Miwa 8 President Restrained: Effects of Parliamentary Rule and Coalition Government on Indonesia’s Presidentialism 156 Koichi Kawamura 9 Conclusion: Lessons from the Study of Asian Presidentialism 194 Yuko Kasuya Index 204 v Figures 2.1 The strength of Asian presidents 31 3.1 Electoral cycles in different presidencies 49 4.1 Timeline of executive and legislative terms 76 5.1 Interaction between two policy areas 97 5.2 Two Tax Reforms and Tax Per GDP 100 6.1 Hierarchical and transactional relationships in the two subtypes of semi-presidential systems 110 8.1 Indonesia’s political system before the first constitutional amendment in 1999 159 8.2 Indonesia’s political system after the fourth constitutional amendment in 2002 161 8.3 Number of established laws since independence 171 vi Tables 2.1 Regime classification in Asia 15 2.2 Constitutional powers over legislation 20 2.3 Expected level of party discipline 27 2.4 Party system and coalition status 29 2.5 Partisan powers of Asian presidents as of 2008 30 3.1 Typology of partisan power 46 4.1 Timeline of the Constitution-making process 65 4.2 Classification of political parties in the 2005 Wolesi Jirga election 73 4.3 Composition of legislative groupings by ethnicity 74 4.4 Budget approval by Wolesi Jirga 78 4.5 Summary of legislative activities of the first Wolesi Jirga 80 5.1 President and Congress under the 1987 Constitution 90 5.2 Institutional players and expected behaviour 92 5.3 Legislative power of the president 96 5.4 Enactment rates at the House of Representatives 98 5.5 Enactment rates of president’s bills in the House of Representatives 99 5.6 Presidential proposals and final budgets 101 5.7 Pork barrel funds in 2002 and 2003 budgets 103 6.1 Presidents and premiers and their terms in office 112 6.2 Number and share of seats won by parties in legislative elections 116 6.3 Partisan power of presidents 117 6.4 Number of bills approved in each session in the Legislative Yuan 119 vii viii Tables 6.5 Bill approval rate and average number of days of discussion until approval of bill in fourth Legislative Yuan 120 6.6 Bill approval rate and the average number of days for discussion until approvals of the bills from the first to the third session in the seventh Legistrative Yuan 122 7.1 Results of presidential elections (1982–2010) 138 7.2 Results of parliamentary general elections (1989–2010) 139 8.1 Relationship between the president and the parliament 166 8.2 Number of established laws 172 8.3 Number of established laws according to policy areas 175 8.4 Periods of deliberation 178 9.1 Summary of findings 201 Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Suntory Foundation for its financial support. Some parts of the manuscript have been pub- lished in Japanese by the Minerva Publishing Co. We acknowledge the generosity of Minerva for allowing us to use the English t ranslation of those parts. We also thank Christina Brian of Palgrave Macmillan for her editorial guidance throughout the publication process. ix

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